ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• What is the endocrine system made up of?

  Glands and the hormones they secrete
• Which organs besides endocrine glands produce hormones?

  Brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus
• What are the primary endocrine glands?

  Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid
• What is the function of the endocrine system?

  Production and regulation of hormones
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical transmitter released from glands
• How do hormones function in the body?

  They transfer information between cells
• What can result from hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones?

  It can be harmful to the body
• What functions do hormones regulate?

  Growth, development, mood, metabolism
• What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

  Anterior and posterior pituitary
• What does the hypothalamus link?

  The endocrine and nervous systems
• What does Growth Hormone (GH) promote?

  Growth and development of bones and muscles
• What is the role of Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)?

  Growth of the adrenal cortex
• What does Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) influence?

  Growth and development of the thyroid gland
• What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulate?

  Growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
• What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulate?

  Development of corpus luteum and testosterone production
• What does Prolactin (PRL) stimulate?

  Development of mammary glands and milk production
• What does Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) regulate?

  Skin pigmentation and melanin deposit
• What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) stimulate?

  Reabsorption of water by renal tubules
• What does Oxytocin stimulate?

  Uterine contractions during labor
• What is the shape and size of the pineal gland?

  Pine-cone shaped and about 1 cm
• What does Melatonin communicate about?

  Environmental lighting and sleep cycles
• What does Serotonin regulate?

  Intestinal movements, appetite, and mood
• What role does the thyroid gland play?

  Regulates metabolism and metabolic processes
• What does Calcitonin influence?

  Bone and calcium metabolism
• What do Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) influence?

  Basal metabolic rate and growth
• What can result from hyposecretion of T3 and T4?

  Cretinism, myxedema, Hashimoto's disease
• What can result from hypersecretion of T3 and T4?

  Grave's disease, goiter, Basedow's disease
• Where are the parathyroid glands located?

  On the back side of the thyroid gland
• What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play a role in?

  Metabolism of phosphorus
• What do the islets of Langerhans secrete?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What do Alpha cells do?

  Facilitate breakdown of glycogen to glucose
• What do Delta cells do?

  Suppress release of glucagon and insulin
• What do Beta cells secrete?

  Insulin, essential for blood sugar levels
• What do the adrenal glands consist of?

  Cortex and medulla
• What does cortisol regulate?

  Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
• What can result from hyposecretion of cortisol?

  Addison's disease
• What can result from hypersecretion of cortisol?

  Cushing's disease
• What does aldosterone regulate?

  Electrolyte and water balance
• What do androgens promote?

  Development of secondary sex characteristics in males
• What does dopamine do in shock treatment?

  Dilates arteries and elevates blood pressure