nutrition and food

• HERBIVORES - organisms that depend on plants and other photosynthetic organisms for food
• OMNIVORES - Feed on both plants and animals
• CARNIVORES - Depend on meat or flesh for their food.
• Vitamins - are organic compounds that function as co-enzymes and co-factors of enzymes.
• Water-soluble vitamins – Vitamins C and B; transported as free compounds in the blood and serve as co-enzymes in metabolic reactions.
• Fat-soluble vitamins – such as Vitamins A, D, E, and K are transported in the blood as complexes that are linked to lipids
• Minerals - are inorganic molecules that provide ions essential for the functioning of many enzymes or proteins.


  Significant amounts of ions may be lost by the body through sweating, defecating, and urinating and thus must be replenished.
• Intracellular Digestion - In sponges, each cell is responsible for the procurement of food that is mixed with water inside the spongocoel or the body cavity


  Some cell do it through phagocytosis while others uses flagella to sweep the food from the water
• Extracellular Digestion -

  Roundworms has digestive tube, it is specialized in different regions where a part is involved in ingestion, storage, digestion, and absorption
• Epiglottis - closes the opening to the lungs to prevent entrance of food and fluids to the airways.
• Peristalsis – contraction and relaxation of the muscles.
• Cardiac sphincter assists in preventing regurgitation of acidic chyme from the stomach - temporary storage of food
• duodenum – it is where the food enter through pyloric sphincter • Jejunum • Ileum
• Enzymes - are organic catalysts that hasten chemical reactions - it breakdown food substances into forms that the body can absorb, process, and utilize
• Enzymes in oral cavity: • Salivary amylase – initiates carbohydrate breakdown • Lingual lipase – which starts fat digestion
• Enzymes in stomach: • Pepsinogen – produced by chief cells; Pepsin – an active form transformed by HCl
• Intrinsic factor - secreted by parietal cells in the stomach - responsible for absorption of vitamin B12
• Enzymes in duodenum: • Juices in pancreatic include: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, pancreatic amylase
• LIVER - Largest gland of the body

  - It consists of four lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobe - Its basic structural unit is hepatocyte - It neutralizes and eliminates toxic substances when blood pass through - It stores vitamins, iron, and glucose - It synthesizes proteins such as albumin and fibrinogen - It converts highly toxic ammonia into urea - It produces bile
• GALL BLADDER – reservoir of bile Bile - helps with digestion - it breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
• Cystic duct - gall bladder’s duct - It is where the bile enters and exits the gall bladder.
• PANCREAS - is both an endocrine gland (empties its secretions directly into the blood) and exocrine gland (a ductless gland)
• PANCREAS - is both an endocrine gland (empties its secretions directly into the blood) and exocrine gland (a ductless gland)
• Islets of Langerhans – are responsible for the secretion of insulin (lowers blood glucose levels) and glucagon (raise blood glucose levels)
• Acinar glands - secrete digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and carboxypeptidase into the duodenum by the pancreatic duct and the ampulla of vater
• Soil - a source of mineral nutrient - is a mixture of many ingredients which may include organic compost, minerals, water, air and many organisms and particularly, microorganisms
• Minerals - inorganic compounds that usually found in soil or rocks
• Macronutrients - are molecules that plants need in relatively large amounts - C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
• Micronutrients - required in relatively small quantities. - Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Mo, Cu
• Photosynthesis - significant food source for plants - It needs energy from sunlight to drive its process
• Photosystems are large complexes ofproteins and pigments optimized to harvest light efficiently.
• Photolysis a chemical process where molecules are broken down into smaller units by absorbing light.
• Electron transport chain a series of protein complexes and molecules that transfers electrons from donors to acceptors
• NADP reductase receives electrons from ferrodoxin and converts NADP+ to NADPH
• NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen – it is an electron acceptor to help reduce oxidized compounds, supporting essential processes within the cell
• NADPT+ ((Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
• ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – an energy carrying molecule
• ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
• RUBISCO (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a key enzyme in photosynthesis catalyzing carbondioxide fixation
• RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) it acts as the primary acceptor of carbon dioxide in plants