Mapeh.2

• Gateway drugs

  • Cigarettes
  • Alcohol
• Mainstream smoke


  The stream of smoke inhaled directly by the person using the tobacco product
• Secondhand smoke


  Includes sidestream smoke (smoke coming from a nearby lit tobacco product) and exhaled smoke (air that a smoker exhales after using a tobacco product)
• Short-term effects of smoking


  • Bad breath
  • Fatigue and decrease in energy
  • Reduction in senses of taste and smell
  • Coughing
  • Shortness of breath
• Long-term effects of smoking


  • Problems affecting heart and blood vessels
  • Respiratory or lung problems (asthma, excessive coughing)
  • Certain types of cancers (including lung cancer)
  • Fertility problems
  • Menstrual problems (in women)
  • Erectile problems (in men)
• Smoking affects different parts of the body
• Alcohol


  An intoxicating substance produced by the fermentation of grains and fruits
• Types of alcohol

  • Ethyl
  • Denatured
  • Isopropyl
  • Rubbing
• Ethyl alcohol


  Also called ethanol or grain alcohol, the type of alcohol most people consume
• Short-term effects of alcohol


  • Drowsiness
  • Slurred speech
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Upset stomach
  • Headaches
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Distorted vision and hearing
  • Impaired judgment
  • Decreased perception and coordination
  • Unconsciousness
  • Anemia
  • Coma
  • Blackouts
• Long-term effects of alcohol


  • Unintentional injuries
  • Intentional injuries
  • Increased on-the-job injuries and loss of productivity
  • Increased family problems, broken relationships
  • Alcohol poisoning
  • High blood pressure, stroke, and other heart-related diseases
  • Liver disease
  • Nerve damage
  • Sexual problems
  • Permanent damage to the brain
  • Vitamin B1 deficiency
  • Ulcers
  • Gastritis
  • Malnutrition
  • Cancer of the mouth and throat
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)


  The percent of alcohol (ethyl alcohol/ethanol) in a person's bloodstream
• Resistance skill


  The skill to say "no" to situations or even people who are making a person uncomfortable
• Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are illegal drugs that a no-drug the user might try
• Mainstream smoke includes sidestream smoke and exhaled smoke
• Alcohol is an intoxicating substance produced by the fermentation of grains and fruits
• Blood Alcohol Concentration refers to the percent of alcohol (ethyl alcohol/ethanol) in a person's bloodstream
• Stages of Infection

  • Incubation stage
  • Prodromal stage
  • Illness stage
  • Convalescent stage
• Incubation stage


  Period between exposure to a pathogen and when symptoms and/or signs are first apparent
• Prodromal stage


  Period between the end of the incubation period and the point at which the characteristic symptoms of the illness appear
• Illness stage (acute stage)


  Phase of rapid multiplication of the pathogen with exponential growth and peak in its population
• Convalescent stage


  Time the host recovers gradually and returns to baseline
• Signs


  Visible manifestation of an infection
• Symptoms


  Manifestation of an infection that is experienced by the infected person but the other people do not see
• Activity 1: Arranging the stages of infection

  1. Incubation stage

  2. Prodromal stage

  3. Illness stage

  4. Convalescent stage
• Morbidity


  The incidence of disease or the rate of illness
• Mortality


  The number of deaths that occur in a particular time or place
• Pneumonia


  An inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli
• Influenza


  Commonly known as flu
• Tuberculosis


  A serious disease that mainly affects the lungs
• HIV and AIDS

  HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection
• COVID-19


  Causes respiratory disease and can be transmitted from person to person, usually after close contact with an infected patient