CORRELATION ANALYSES

• One thing causes something (new) to another thing

  causation
• When something simultaneously happens at the same time. Pero it doesn’t mean iyon ang rason.

  correlation
• A form of EMPIRICAL study wherein the researcher examines the RELATIONSHIPS between variables by identifying the direction and the significance of the tested relationship.

  CORRELATIONAL STUDY (double headed arrow)
• types of correlation analyses

  1.) Pearson r

  2.) Pearson r (Multiple)

  3.) Spearman’s Rho

  4.) Kendall’s Tau
• An inferential statistic used to identify if there is a significant LINEAR relationship between two interval/ratio variables.

  pearson r
• The magnitude and the direction of the relationship between two variables are indicated by ?

  correlation coefficient
• -1.00


  perfect negative correlation
• 1.00


  perfect positive correlation
• no sign correlation coefficient means?

  positive relationship
• 0.00

  no relationship between variables
• +/- .30

  moderate (sign) correlation
• +/- .60

  strong (sign) correlation
• The graph used in presenting Correlation Results

  scatter plot
• ascending sp result means

  positive correlation
• descending sp results


  negative correlation
• There is a significant correlation/relationship between A and B

  non-directional hypothesis (2 tailed)
• There is a POSITIVE/NEGATIVE relationship between variable A and Variable B


  directional hypothesis (1 tailed)
• linear na pearson r


  one pair lanh
• multiple regression pearson r


  maraming levels
• These are statistical analyses that analyze the correlation of two variables represented by NOT-NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED DATA, minimal sample size, and in the ordinal form

  Rank Correlation Analyses (Kendall’s Tau and Spearman’s Rho)
• 1ST Basic Difference of Spearman’s Rho & Kendall’s Tau

  Coefficient Derivation (Formula)

  • spearman
  • deviation - rank sa lv.1 - rank sa lv.2
  • kendall
  • concordant - sino(ilan) nataasan sa lv.1 then sino(ilan) nataasan sa lv.2
  • discordant - sino(ilan) nataasan sa lv.1 na hindi nataasan sa lv.2
• 2ND Basic Difference of Spearman’s Rho & Kendall’s Tau


  Yielded Coefficient - most of the time, the yielded coefficient for Spearman’s rho is larger compare to Kendall’s tau due to their difference in formula
• 3RD Basic Difference of Spearman’s Rho & Kendall’s Tau

  Accuracy in smaller sample size. Kendall’s Tau yields a more accurate coefficient in studies which has small number of participants (12 or less)
• 4TH Basic Difference of Spearman’s Rho & Kendall’s Tau



  Popularity - Spearman’s rho is quite popular compare to Kendall’s tau since this is launched to the scientific community earlier by a renowned English Psychologist/theorist named Charles Spearman.