BIOLOGY

• Heart, veins and arteries are organs of the circulatory system.
• Mouth, esophagus, intestine are organs of the digestive system.
• Kidneys are organs of the excretory system.
• The circulatory system is for the transport of nutrients, digestive system for the breakdown of food and kidney for eliminating metabolic wastes.
• Each organ is made up of tissues. Tissues are bonded together to make an organ. These tissues are also composed of cell - the basic structural unit of life.
• Population is a group of individuals belonging to the same species and living in a particular geographical area.
• Ecosystem includes all the life forms existing in a certain area and all the nonliving factors as well. The nonliving or abiotic factors include water, gases, minerals, nutrients and other chemicals. The organisms making up the community of species are called the biotic factors.
• The biosphere is the total of all the Earth’s ecosystems.
• The biosphere includes the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, the land down to about 1500 meters deep, bodies of water and oceans to a depth of several kilometers.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch naturalist and craftsman, is known to have made over 500 microscopes throughout his lifetime.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)


  His invention of the microscope paved the way for other scientist to study small organisms and or structures in their respective field.
• term cell was first introduced in 1665 by Robert Hooke, an English physicist. Examining thin slice of cork from the bark of an oak tree with a crude compound microscope, Hooke observed empty, honeycomb-like boxes which he called cells because they resemble the box-like rooms of monks in monasteries. What he actually observed, though he was not aware of it, was the outermost covering of plant cells now called cell wall.
• The cell is the smallest basic structural and functional unit of an organism.
• There are two types of multicellular organism (contains 2 or more cell in its body): Animal Cell and Plant Cell.
• An adult human is estimated to have at least 70-100 trillion cells. There are about 200 types of cells spread in 4 different types of tissues in the human body. These cells form the structures of the human body and act together to help it function.
• Cell Membrane 


  It is the outermost layer in the animal cell.
• Cell Membrane 


  ▪ It keeps all the parts of the cell inside.
• Cell Membrane 


  ▪ It controls what enters and exits the cell such as water, nutrients and waste and thereby protects and supports the cell.
• Cytoplasm 


  It is large and fluid-filled (called protoplasm)
• Cytoplasm 


  ▪ It fills up the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
• Cytoplasm 


  ▪ It is jelly-like substance compose of mainly water as well as dissolved nutrients
• Cytoplasm 


  ▪ It is where membrane-bound organelles are embedded.
• Nucleus 


  ▪ It is located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Nucleus 


  ▪ It controls and regulates all cell activities.
• Nucleus 


  ▪ It is the control center of the cell and it contains the cell’s DNA.
• Organelles Found Only in an Animal Cells These organelles are found in animal cells but are not present in plant cells.

  1. Centrosomes

  2. Lysosome
• Organelles Found Only in Plant Cells

  1. Chloroplasts
• Cell wall


  Found in plant cells but not in animal cells
• Organelles Found in Both Animal and Plant Cell

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi bodies
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Vesicles
  • Peroxisomes
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
  • Vacuole
• Plant Cell Organelles only found in plants

  1. Plastids
  2. Vacuoles
• Plastids These are double-membraned organelles found mainly in plants.
• Vacuoles It stores food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell.
• plants, animals, and protists are eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells can survive as a unicellular organism even without well-defined membrane and nucleus.
• There are several types of asexual reproduction namely: vegetative propagation, binary fission, budding, spore formation and regeneration.
• In asexual reproduction, one individual (parent) produces offspring that is genetically identical to itself.
• Asexual Reproduction


  It does not involve sex cells or gametes (produced through meiosis).
• Asexual reproduction does not allow genetic variation, but guarantees reproduction (no dependence on others).
• Vegetative propagation

  
  

  ADVANTAGES:

  1. Plants reach maturity faster.
  2. The same good agricultural traits such as taste, yield and resistance to pests will be passed on from generation to generation.

  DISADVANTAGES:

  1. The population might be wiped out if environmental conditions become unfavorable.
• Binary Fission, from the word binary which means “two” and fission which means “splitting”.