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• Group interview

  Ideally six to ten people, or depending on the researcher's need for the study
• Focus group

  • Participants are selected through purposive sampling in which exclusion and inclusion criteria are considered to identify the participants who will best fit in the study (e.g. senior high school students who are displaced due to pandemic; families which belong to a particular indigenous group)
• Natural group


  • The participants belong to a group that exists independently of the study (e.g. all students in a class; all employees in a company)
• Interview schedule


  Gives the interview the desired amount of structure and guarantees that the flow of interview stays on track
• Topic guide


  Less restrictive in nature which allows the respondents to engage in a more free and dynamic conversation during a group interview
• Guide in Conducting In-depth Interviews

  1. Planning Stage - Identify the target participants in the study. Have a listing of the participants to be interviewed

  2. Development of Instrument - Develop the interview schedule/guide. List the questions to be asked during the interview. An ideal number of not more than 15 questions may guide you in the interview. However, further questions may be asked for in-depth probing of issues which may pop out during the interview process. Take note that consultation with the experts must be done to validate the said questions to be used.
• Open-ended questions


  • Please describe your thoughts about Alternative Learning System (ALS). As an ALS student, what activities do you perform inside and outside the classroom? How will you describe your activities inside the classroom? How will you describe your activities outside the classroom? Describe the quality of modules and other learning materials you are using. Describe the strategies being used by your teachers to help you succeed in your studies.
• Probing questions for further clarification

  • What else can you say about the program? Kindly elaborate the issue on the quality of modules. Please tell me more about your experiences. Please give examples. Please explain further your thoughts.
• Observation checklist


  Quantitative in nature, and makes use of ratings or numerical rankings
• Observation guide


  More qualitative, and allows for more general and descriptive documentation
• Structured observation


  • The researcher uses a checklist wherein expected behaviors of interest are already specified
• Unstructured observation


  • The researcher observes things as they happen without any preconceived ideas about what will be observed