chemistry

• a branch of chemistry that focuses on the relationship of heat and chemical reaction- thermochemistry
• in physics, energy is defined as the capability to do work
• in chemistry energy pertains to the flow of chemical reaction
• energy can be classified into two types: kinetic and potential energy
• law conservation of heat: chemical reactions either require or release energy usually in the form of heat
• stoichiometry: focuses on the relationship of the masses of the reactants and products.
• Stoichiometry: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.
• the two objects in thermochemistry is system and surrounding
• area of interest- system
• everything outside the area of interest- surroundings
• allow the transfer of mass and energy- open system
• do not allow the transfer of mass and energy- isolated system
• allow the flow of energy but not the mass- closed system
• exothermic process- heat exists in the system, and energy is released to the surroundings
• endothermic process- heat must be supplied
• heat absorbed by the system- positive

  heat is given off the system- negative
• work done on the system- positive

  work is done by the system- negative
• associated with the transformation of reactants to products- heat of a reaction
• the balanced equation showing the associated heat of reaction- thermochemical reaction
• enthalpy change is independent of the number of steps involved in a reaction- Hess's Law
• the heat change in a reaction that forms one mole of compounds from its elements with all substances in their standard states- standard enthalpy of formation
• enthalpy of solution: -42.7 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of fusion: 6.01 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of freezing: -6.01 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of vaporization: 40.9 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of condensation: -40.9 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of neutralization: -56.2 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of ionization: 56.2 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of dilution: 42.7 kJ/mol
• Calorimetry- measurement of the heat released or absorbed during a physical or chemical process.
• calorimeter- a tool that measures the heat released or heat absorbed
• specific heat- measures how much heat is required to raise the temperature
• heat capacity- C