polgov 4 (article 8)

• Section 1 of Article 8. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
• Section 4 of Article 8. The Supreme Court shall be composed of a chief justice and 14 associate justices
• Section 9 of Article 8. The members of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy. Such appointments need no confirmation
• According to Section 9 of Article 8. Any vacancy in the office shall be filled within 90 days from the occurence of the vacancy
• The court of tax appeals focuses on reviewing and resolving appeals of decisions from the following: a.) commissions of internal revenues b.) department of customs c.) department of finance d.) department of trade and industry.
• The Sandiganbayan also known as "Tanod Bayan" shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees.
• The court of appeals is the second highest court in the Philippines, and it primarily exercises appellate jurisdiction over decisions of regional trial courts.
• The Judicial and Bar Council are constitutionally created. It has the power to nominate associate justices or a chief justice.
• Certiorari refers to ordering the lower court to submit all documents regarding a raised case
• Prohibition refers to an intention to stop a judge/lawyer
• Mandamus refers to ordering the court to fulfill their duties
• Quo Warranto refers to ordering an establishment to revoke their license to operate
• Habeas Corpus refers to the right of a person to be assessed from detention. "Show me the body"
• Miranda rights are a set of rights that police in the United States must inform individuals of when they are arrested or taken into custody for questioning.
• Law refers to statues which are written enactments of the legislature governing the relations of the people among themselves or between them and the government and its agencies
• 3-Member Division: For a decision, at least 2 of the 3 justices must agree.
• 5-Member Division: For a decision, at least 3 of the 5 justices must agree.
• For cases heard by the full Supreme Court (en banc), a majority of the full membership is needed for a decision. A majority of the 15 justices, which is at least 8 justices, must agree on the decision.
• For lower courts like Regional Trial Courts, decisions are typically made by a single judge.
• Martial law and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus lasts for 60 days
• The President has 30 days to either sign the bill into law or veto it. If the President neither signs nor vetoes the bill within this period, the bill automatically becomes law.
• The Court of Appeals generally hears cases in divisions of 3 justices.
• The Sandiganbayan, which handles anti-graft and corruption cases, also typically hears cases in divisions of 3 justices.