CHAPTER 6

• Volatile oils - Are the odoriferous principles

  found in various plant parts.
• Volatile oil - It represents the essences or the

  odoriferous constituents of the

  plants.
• Volatile oils - Known as Ethereal/Essential Oils
• Volatile oils - they are colorless, but on long standing, may oxidize and resinify thus darkening in

  color.
• Volatile oil- Immiscible with water, but sufficiently

  soluble to impart their odor to water
• aromatic waters - they dependent on the solubility of volatile oils to create scented water products
• Volatile oils - are soluble with ether, alcohol, and most organic solvents
• Volatile oils Differentiation with Fixed Oils

  ▪ Can be distilled from their natural sources

  ▪ Do not consist of glyceryl ester of fatty acids

  ▪ Do not leave a permanent grease spot on paper

  ▪ Do not become rancid, but instead on exposed to light and air, they oxidize and resinify

  ▪ Cannot be saponified with alkalies
• METHODS in obtaining Volatile Oils:

  1. water distillation
  2. water and steam distillation
  3. direct steam distillation
• Water distillation- uses dried plant materials, obtain turpentine oil
• Water and steam distillation - uses ether dried or fresh plant materials, obtain cinnamon oil and clove oil
• Direct steam distillation- uses fresh plant materials, obtain peppermint oil and spearmint oil
• Other methods to obtain volatile oils:

  1. ecuelle method
  2. enfleurage method
  3. extraction
  4. destructive methods (dry distillation)
• Ecuelle methods - also known as trough line, removes citrus oils
• Enfleurage methods - also known as glass plate, uses flower petals and they are coated with bland fats or fixed oils and then dissolve with alcohol to obtain volatile oils
• Extraction - used in perfumery industry. characteristics includes are uniform temperature and quite expensive (mostly)
• Destructive distillation - also known as dry distillation. When the wood resin is heated without access of air, decomposition takes place and a number of volatile compounds are driven off, collectively known as empyreumatic oils, the resultant mass is Charcoal.
• Compositions of empyreumatic oils obtained by destructive methods:

   Terpenes or Sesquiterpenes

   Esters and Alcohols

   Alcohols

   Aldehydes

   Ketones

   Phenols

   Ethers
• TERPENES or SESQUITERPENES

  Sources:

  1. Tea Tree
  2. Turpentine
  3. Juniper

  Constituents

  1. Pinene
  2. Camphene
  3. Cadinene
  4. Guaiacol
  5. Cresol
• ESTERS and ALCOHOLS

  Sources:

  1. Lavender
  2. Peppermint
  3. Rosemary
  4. Bergamot
  5. Pumilio pine

  Constituents

  1. Bornyl acetate
  2. Linalyl acetate
  3. Menthyl acetate
  4. Borneol
  5. Linalol
  6. Menthol
• ALCOHOLS

  Sources:

  1. Cardamom
  2. Coriander
  3. Rose geranium
  4. Otto of Rose
  5. Sandalwood
  6. Orange flower

  Constituents

  1. Linalol
  2. Geraniol
  3. Citronellol
  4. Santalol
• ALDEHYDES

  Sources:

  1. Cinnamon
  2. Cassia
  3. Citronella or Lemon grass
  4. Lemon
  5. Orange

  Constituents

  1. Cinnamaldehyde
  2. Cinnamic aldehyde
  3. Citronellal
  4. Citral
• KETONES

  Sources:

  1. Spearmint
  2. Caraway
  3. Cedar leaf
  4. Dill
  5. Sage
  6. Wormwood

  Constituents

  1. Carvone
  2. Thujone
• PHENOLS

  Sources

  1. Clove
  2. Cinnamon
  3. Thyme
  4. Horsemint
  5. Ajowan

  Constituents:

  1. Eugenol
  2. Thymol
• ETHERS

  Sources

  1. Anise/Star anise
  2. Camphor
  3. Cajuput
  4. Eucalyptus
  5. Fennel
  6. Nutmeg
  7. Parsley
  8. Indian dill

  Constituents:

  1. Anethole
  2. Cineole
• Non-Terpenoids

  Sources:

  1. Mustard
  2. Wintergreen
  3. Bitter almond

  Constituents:

  1. Glucosinolates
  2. Methyl salicylate
  3. Benzaldehyde
  4. Hydrocyanide
• OTHER DRUGS CONTAINING VOLATILE OILS:

  1. Allspice
  2. Angelica
  3. Black pepper
  4. Camomile
  5. Celery
  6. Chenopodium
  7. Five-leaved chaste tree
  8. Garlic
  9. Hyptis
  10. Love grass
  11. Mayana
  12. Mugwort
  13. Ngai-camphor plant
  14. Oregano
  15. Patchouli
  16. Pine rosin
  17. Premna
  18. Sampaguita
  19. sweet bay
  20. Vetiver
• Aromatherapy - utilizes aromatic compounds to promote physical, psychological, and emotIonal well being.
• Aromatherapy- is based primarily on the use of volatile oils, either singly or admixture.
• volatile oils administered in aromatherapy as:

  1. Baths
  2. Compresses
  3. Massage
  4. Inhalation
• Baths– Drops of oil are added to the

  water and vigorously mixed.
• Compress and Massage– Volatile oils are mixed with suitable carrier– Fixed oils
• Inhalation vaporizers and burners– are available in addition to the traditional steam inhalation or use of the handkerchief or tissue.