HISTORICAL CRITICISMS

• are firsthand, contemporary accounts of events created by individuals during that period or several years later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs, and personal histories)


  Primary Sources/Primaryang Batis
• can be described as those sources that are closest to the origin of the information

  Primary Sources/Primaryang Batis
• contains raw information and thus, must be interpreted by researchers

  Primary Sources/Primaryang Batis
• manuscripts, newspapers, speeches, cartoons, photographs, videos, and artifacts


  Primary Sources/Primaryang Batis
• are closely related to primary sources and interpret them

  Secondary Sources/Sekundaryang Batis
• documents that relate to information that originated elsewhere

  Secondary Sources/Sekundaryang Batis
• often use generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of primary sources


  Secondary Sources/Sekundaryang Batis
• textbooks, articles, and reference books


  Secondary Sources/Sekundaryang Batis
• also known as historical-critical method or higher criticism


  Historical Criticisms
• a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text"

  Historical Criticisms
• its primary goal is to discover the text's primitive or original meaning and its original historical context and its literal sense

  Historical Criticisms
• refers to the authenticity of the document


  External Criticisms
• once the document has been determined to be genuine (external criticism), researchers need to determine if the content is accurate (internal criticism)
• includes the physical aspect, author, consistency of the handwriting, and the materials


  External Criticisms
• How to Test the Authenticity?

  • Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic (a chronological misplacing of persons, events, or customs in regard to each other)

  > pencils did not exist before the 16th century

  • Determine the author

  > handwriting, signature, seal

  • Anachronistic style and reference

  > its punctuations, time (too late, too early, or too remote)
• technique of testing the reliability of the information found in a document

  Internal Criticisms
• concerned with the authenticity of the information and its purpose is to establish the trustworthiness of the contents of the document

  Internal Criticisms
• used to detect and determine whether the document contains errors or lies

  Internal Criticisms
• concerned with the interpretation of the sources

  Internal Criticisms
• also known as interpretative criticism


  Internal Criticisms
• accuracy and validity of information, cross-checking


  Internal Criticisms