PE

• Flat Bones- Provide support for the body and protect vital organs eg; skull
• Long bones-provide movement (lever) eg; femur
• Short bone- light and small which support the bod eg; carpals and tarsals
• Irregular bone— specifically shaped to do a particular function eg; patella
• movement- muscles attached to bones making levers
• shape- framework for muscles to attach
• Support- to stand and stay strong
• Mineral storage- minerals strengthen the bones
• Red blood cell production- made in bone marrow and stored in bones
• Ligaments- bones to bones
• Tendons- muscle to bones
• Synovial joint (2 bones meet) important for movement and rotation
• Synovial membrane- maintains symbolic fluidity of joints and prevents friction
• Synovial fluid- reduces friction
• Joint capsule- a lot of membranes support joint
• Bursae- fluid filled air sac
• Cartilage- covers and protects end of long bones
• Muscle tissue is made up of fibres that contract when stimulated by nerves
• flexion- decreasing angle at a joint
• Extension- increasing angle at a joint
• adduction- move limbs toward body mid
• Abduction- move limbs away body mid
• plantar flexion- foot pointed toward ground
• Dorsi flexion- flexing ankle upward
• Rotation- action of rotating around a centre
• Voluntary muscle- under control
• Involunotary muscles- not under control
• Cardiac muscles- contracts itself- wall of heart
• Agonist contracts (shortens) then antagonist relaxes (lengthens)
• biceps and triceps

  Hamstrings and quadriceps

  Gastronemius and Dibialis anterior

  Gluteals and hip flexor

  Latissimus Dorsi and abdominals

  pectorals and deltoids
• hinge joint- back and forward
• Ball and socket- all movement
• Isometric contraction- muscles contract without changing length of muscle eg; handstand
• isotonic contraction- shortening or lengthening of the muscle eg; push up
• eccentric- when muscle lengthens due to greater opposite force
• concentric- when muscle shortens generating smaller force
• 1. mouth
  2. trachea
  3. bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. alveoli
  6. diaphragm
• breathe out the intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and diaphragm relaxes into a Dome shape, Chest cavity have a smaller pressure, lungs increase air pressure outside is lower.
• gaseous exchange

  for diffusion, there must be a different concentration of gas in alveoli and blood. This allows oxygen to diffuse from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
• alveoli- large surface area, millions, one cell thick, good blood supply