cascabel

• Pharmacognosy


  Knowledge of drugs and pharmaceuticals
• Pharmacognosy is the "simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view"
• Crude drugs


  Undergone only collection and drying
• Natural substances


  Have not had changes made in their molecular structure as found in nature
• Derivatives/Extractives


  Chief constituents obtained by extraction
• Indigenous


  Growing in their native countries
• Naturalized


  Growing in foreign land
• Preparation of drugs for the commercial market

  1. Collection

  2. Harvesting

  3. Drying

  4. Garbling

  5. Packaging, Storage and Preservation
• Drying

  • Removes moisture
  • Fixes the constituents
  • Prevents molding
  • Facilitates grinding and milling
  • Prevents action of bacteria
  • Prevents environmental hydrolysis
• Pectin


  • Unripe fruits - protopectin
  • Just ripe - pectin
  • Overripe - pectic acid
• Marijuana


  • Young leaves - cannabidiol
  • Mature leaves - cannabinol (THC)
• Appropriate solvents

  • Fats - Hexane
  • Resins - Alcohol
  • Chlorophyll - Acetone
  • Chrysarobin - Hot benzene

  
• Street names of illegal drugs

  • Shabu - Ice, Meth
  • Ecstacy - Sky
  • Marijuana - Hashish, MJ/Maryjane, Pot, Grass, Weed, Cannabis, Indian hemp
• Evaluation of drugs

  • Organoleptic
  • Microscopic
  • Biologic
  • Chemical
  • Physical
• Classification of drugs

  • Morphology
  • Taxonomy
  • Pharmacologic or Therapeutic
  • Chemical classification
• Chemistry of natural drug products

  • Pharmaceutically active
  • Pharmacologically active
  • Inert constituents
  • Secondary plant substance
• Drug biosynthesis/Biogenesis


  Study of the biochemical pathways leading to formation of secondary constituents (drugs)
• Primary metabolites to Secondary metabolites

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
• Factors influencing secondary constituents of drug plants

  • Heredity (genetic composition)
  • Ontogeny (stage of development)
  • Environment (soil, climate, associated flora and method of cultivation)
• Bioassay


  • Digoxin - pigeon
  • Atropine - cats
  • Glucagon - cats
  • Oxytocin - chicken (F)
  • Head drop test - rabbits/rats
  • PTH - dogs
  • Heparin - sheep plasma
  • Insulin - rabbit
• Carbohydrates


  Polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones containing C, H and O; same ratio as in H2O (2:1)

  
• Monosaccharides


  • Diose
  • Triose
  • Tetrose
  • Pentose
  • Hexose
  • Heptose
  • Octulose

  
• Glucose

  Aldohexose, Blood sugar, Grape sugar, Physiologic sugar
• Fructose


  Ketohexose, Fruit sugar, Levulose (sweetest monosaccharide)
• Xylose

  Pentose, Wood sugar, Obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw or similar materials with dilute acid to hydrolyze the xylan polymer, Diagnostic aid in intestinal malabsorption
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
• Lactulose


  Alkaline lactose, Decreases serum ammonia in encephalopathy
• Polysaccharides


  Polymers of monosaccharides (sugar) linked together through glycosidic(ether) linkages, Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products
• Homoglycans

  • Starch
  • Inulin
  • Dextran
  • Cellulose

  
• Starch

  Amylose - linear, Amylopectin - branched, Soluble starch, Dextrin, Maltose
• Cellulose

  Purified/Absorbent Cotton, Soluble guncotton/Pyroxylin, Cellulose Acetate Pthalate (CAP), Methyl/Ethylcellulose
• Heteroglycans


  Gums and Mucilages, Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides, Produced by plants as a protective after injury
• Plant exudates


  • Tragacanth
  • Acacia
  • Ghatti
  • Karaya
• Marine gums


  Agar, Insinglas/Gelatin
• Gums and Mucilages


  Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides
• Gums and Mucilages

  • Produced by plants as a protective after injury
  • Upon hydrolysis, they yield arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and other uronic acid derivatives
• Uses of Gums and Mucilages

  • Suspending agents
  • Dental adhesives
  • Laxatives
• Tragacanth

  Best mucilage (resistant to acid hydrolysis)
• Components of Tragacanth

  • Bassorin (swells)
  • Tragacanthin (thickener)
• Uses of Tragacanth


  • Suspending agent
  • Emulsifier
  • Adhesive
  • Demulcent
  • Emollient