HISTO FINALS

• • Consequence of the Cavite mutiny of 1872 and the demonstration against the friars of 1888 was the proscription or deportation of prominent Filipinos
  • Philippines 🠆 Hong Kong, Spain
• Gregorio Sancianco y Goson

  • Manila
  • Lawyer (c. 1892)
  • Wrote El progreso de Filipinas (1881)
• Gregorio Sancianco y Goson

  • Wrote El progreso de Filipinas (1881)
  • Official practice continued to exempt spaniards and spanish mestizos in the philippines from the tribute and forced labor imposed on filipinos and chinese residents.
  • Philippine Tax Struture
  • Landowners who derived a substantial income from their farms paid no property tax whatever
• • Sanciano noted it was commonplace for Spanish writers to characterize the indio as indolent
  • Simply the result of being deprived of the natural incentives and normal rewards of labor
  • Described the tobacco monopoly
• • Can’t say whether Sancianco’s representation had any influence on the ministers of Alfonso XII
  • They abolished the tobacco monopoly
  • Substitute it for the cedula personal as a source of revenue, extended it to all, Spandiards included
  • Reduced the duration of forced labor, made spaniards equally liable
• Propaganda Movement

  • Student activities
  • Also known as Reform Movement
  • Wanted the philippines to become a province of Spain
  • We become spanish citizens, same rights as spanish people
• Propaganda Movement

  • Revealing the corrupt/evil practices of the catholic church
• Propaganda Movement

  • Students were comprised by the Ilustrados
• Graciano Lopez Jaena

  • La Solidaridad
  • 1888
  • Editor of La Solidaridad
  • Society
  • Complain about the evil practices of the catholic church
  • Publishes the ideas of the Ilustrados
• Graciano Lopez Jaena

  • Loves Sardines
  • Eats using his hands
  • After eating, wipes his food on his clothes
  • Dr Jose Rizal brought him to an expensive tailor because his clothes were filled with sardines
• Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856-1896)

  • Iloilo
  • Come originally to Spain originally to study medicine
• Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856-1896)

  • The government was far more interested in repression than in stimulation.
  • Spent their time putting down rebellions which turned out to be purely imaginary
  • Did nothing about the disastrous monetary situation
  • Good Money 🠆 Debased Mexican dollars
  • Popular education placed emphasis on the rote-memory learning of the catechism instead of useful arts and trades
  • Only at the lowest level of local government was any initiative or scope given to natives.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856-1896)

  • Proposed a reversal of the policy of repression
  • Freedom of speech and the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of trade
  • The flow of money out of the country will be stopped and its direction reversed
  • Essential that filipinos be permitted to trade with each other
• Marcelo Hilario del Pilar (1850-1896)

  • Bulacan
  • Student for the law in UST
  • Came into conflict with friar parish priests over reforms in local government
• Marcelo Hilario del Pilar (1850-1896)

  • Edited a liberal newspaper in tagalog
  • Collected funds for the propaganda campaign being carried on in spain
  • After the anti-friar demonstration, he placed his talents at the service of the reformist cause
• Marcelo Hilario del Pilar (1850-1896)

  • Convinced that the principal obstacle to Philippine progress was the spanish regular clergy
  • Expelling the friars from the colony altogether
  • Filipinos should seek to better their condition by peaceful rather than violent means
• Marcelo Hilario del Pilar (1850-1896)

  • Allow for the possibility of a separatist revolt
  • Towards the end of his life, the disappointing results of the propaganda campaign were turning his thoughts more and more toward revolution
• Jose Rizal (1861-1896)

  • Laguna
  • B.A in the jesuit ateneo municipal
  • Medical studies at UST and completed them in Madrid
• Jose Rizal

  • Wrote numerous articles for La Solirdad however his most widely read contributions to the propaganda for reforms were Noli Me Tangere (Berlin, 1887) and El Filibusterismo (Ghent, 1891)
• Rizal

  • Fundamental change in the relationship between philippines and spain
  • Two alternative directions
  • Separation from spain
  • Rizal would not choose this direction
  • Cost in blood and treasure would be appalling
  • Sever a historic bond between spain and the philippines
• Rizal

  • Grant Filipinos equal citizenship with Spaniards
  • Rizal proposed this as an ultimate goal to be achieved by two reforms
  • First reforms: chiefly administrative and political
• Rizal

  • Second reforms: to be undertaken by filipinos themselves
  • “There would be no masters if there were no slaves”
  • Cannot have the privileges of freedom unless willing to accept its responsibilities
  • Virtues are:
  • Economia: the prudent husbanding of limited resources so that they would produce the maximum benefit
  • Transigencia: “the spirit of give and take”, willingness to compromise
• • Rizal’s interpretation of the philippine history: filipinos had their own culture. The Filipinos were forced to abandon their own for a new one.
• Rizal

  • Filipinos were not national for the simple reason that Filpinos were not yet conscious of nationality. 
  • But by Rizal’s time this was no longer true, Filipinos had become conscious of themselves as a nation
  • Attributes this change to a psychological one, what did it was the spaniards added insult to injury
  • The latter phase of the colonial period, they began to treat filipinos with contempt as essentially inferior beings
  • Spaniads wounded the Filipino in his amor propio: self-esteem, personal dignity
  • In reacting to Spanish contempt, the Filipino nation found itself.
• • Rizal gave great importance to amor propio as the key to the psychology not only of the Filipino but of the Malay race in general.
• • Rizal like fellow propagandists thought that Spain had adopted a mistaken policy of repression
  • Spain proposed to stop the progress in the Philippines in 4 ways:
  • Keeping the Filipinos ignorant
  • Filipinos were finding ways to enlighten themselves
  • Keeping them poor
  • Poverty breeds radical ideas, a desire to change the existing order
  • Not allowing them to increase in numbers
  • Were still increasing in numbers
  • Dividing them against themselves
  • Succeeded at first due to lack of communication however ceased to be practicable in Rizal’s time
  • The policy of repression was self-defeating
• Rizal

  • Filipinos lost hope of obtaining redress by peaceful means
  • Reformists to revolutionists
• • Rizal consistently overrates the pre-Spanish culture of the Philippines
• • Rizal after his return to the Philippines in 1892 was arrested and banished to Dapitan on the island of Mindanao
• • Between his arrival and arrest, Rizal founded Liga Filipina
  • Liga Filipina purpose:
  • To unite the whole archipelago
  • Mutual protection in every want and necessity
  • Defense against all violence and injustice
  • Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
  • Study and application of reforms
• • Most active recruiting members for the Liga was Andres Bonifacio
• • Rizal refused to head the revolution on the grounds that it was premature
  • To avoid involvement he volunteered to serve as a surgeon with the Spanish forces then fighting in Cuba
• • Shorty before Rizal got to Manila, the Katipunan was discovered by the authorities
  • Teodoro Patino betrayed it to Father Mariano Gil who immediately reported it to the police (August 19, 1896)
• • The authorities soon recalled that Filipinos looked upon Rizal as their foremost champion
  • He was sent to stand trial for sedition
  • Offered to counsel against Katipunan in a public manifesto but was rejected
  • Court found him guilty and on December 30, 1896 he was executed.
• Andres Bonifacio (1843-1897)

  • Giving out that the Liga’s object was revolution
  • They thereupon declared the Liga dissolved
• Andres Bonifacio (1843-1897)

  • On the very night that Rizal departed for exile (July 7 1892), organized a new society, the Katipunan
• • Bonifacio narrowly escaped the authorities, outside the city, he proclaimed the revolution by tearing up his cedula personal
• Propaganda Movement

  • Failure
  • Lack of finances
  • Internal conflict
  • Different goals
• • KKK: Independence of PH
• Marcelo H. del Pilar

  • Poor
  • Lived from the graces of the other Propaganda Movement