Phil Lit

• Literature


  An expression of human feelings, thoughts, and ideas whose medium is language, oral and written
• Literature is not only about human ideas, thoughts, and feelings but also the experiences of the authors
• Literature can be a medium for human to communicate what they feel, think, and experience to the readers
• Literature


  The verbal expression of human imagination; and one of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself
• Functions of Literature


  • Entertainment
  • Social and Political
  • Ideological
  • Moral
  • Linguistic
  • Cultural
  • Educational
  • Historical
• Entertainment function


  • Literature is used to entertain its readers
  • Literary works are consumed for the sake of one's enjoyment
• Social and Political function


  • Literature shows how society works
  • It helps the reader "see the social and political constructs and shows the state of the people and the world
• Cirilo F. Bautista: 'Literature raises life to a new level of meaning and understanding, and in the process, restores sanity and justice in an insane and unjust world'
• Ideological function


  • Shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other people
  • Literature also displays a person's ideology placed in the text consciously and unconsciously
• Moral function


  • Literature may impart moral values to its readers
  • The morals contained in the literary text, whether good or bad, are absorbed by whoever read it, thus helps in shaping their personality
• JF Loria: 'Perhaps what makes literature a more delightful and enriching study than the rest that deal with the past is its potential of making readers identify with what they read through values learned'
• Linguistic function


  • Literature preserves the language of every civilization from where it originated
  • They are also evidences that a certain civilization has existed by recording the language and preserving it through wide spans of time
• Literary Standards


  • Artistry
  • Intellectual Value
  • Suggestiveness
  • Spiritual Value
  • Permanence
  • Universality
• Cultural function


  • Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore, and the arts of our ethnic group's heritage
  • Literature preserves entire cultures and creates an imprint of the people's way of living for others to read, hear, and learn
• Educational function


  • Literature teaches us many things about the human experience
  • Literature is used to portray the facets of life that we see, and those that we would never dream of seeing
  • Literature is a conduit for the chance to experience and feel things where we can learn things about life
• Historical function


  • Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets, etc. keep records of events that happened in the place where they originated
• Reasons for Studying Philippine Literature

  • To appreciate our literary heritage
  • To understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as means to assimilate other cultures
  • To manifest our deep concern for our own literature
• Differences between Prose and Poetry

  • Prose is written in paragraph form, Poetry is written in stanza or verse form
  • Prose expresses in ordinary language, Poetry is expressed in metrical, rhythmical and figurative language
  • Prose appeals to the intellect, Poetry appeals to emotion
  • Prose aims to convince, inform, instruct, imitate and reflect, Poetry aims to stir the imagination and set an ideal of how life should be
• Poetry


  • Derived from the Greek word Poesis meaning, making or creating
  • May be the oldest form of literature
  • Different from everyday speech, a lot shorter
  • More musical
  • Requires that it be read aloud to be better appreciated
  • Meaning is implied and suggested in carefully chosen words
• Forms of Poetry


  • Lyric
  • Narrative
  • Descriptive
• Stanza Forms


  • Couplet (2 lines)
  • Tercet (3 lines)
  • Quatrain (4 lines)
  • Cinquain (5 lines)
  • Sestet (6 lines)
  • Septet (7 lines)
  • Octave (8 lines)
• Denotation


  Dictionary meaning of words
• Connotation


  Figurative meaning of words
• Imagery and Sense Impressions


  • Sight/Visual
  • Sound/Auditory
  • Smell/Olfactory
  • Taste/Gustatory
  • Touch/Tactile
• Figures of Speech

  • Simile
  • Metaphor
  • Personification
  • Apostrophe
  • Metonymy
  • Synecdoche
  • Hyperbole
  • Irony
  • Allusion
  • Paradox
  • Litotes
  • Oxymoron
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Chiasmus
  • Malapropism
  • Spoonerism
  • Palindrome
• Tone Color


  • Alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora
• Malapropisms


  • You have hissed the mystery lectures. (You have missed the history lectures.)
  • Go and shake a tower. (Go and take a shower.)
  • My zips are lipped. (My lips are zipped.)
• Palindrome


  A type of word play in which a word or phrase spelled forward is the same word/phrase spelled backward
• Palindromes


  • Never odd or even.
  • stressed desserts
  • Norma is as selfless as I am, Ron.
• Alliteration


  A literary device where two or more words in a phrase or line of poetry share the same beginning consonant sound. Repetition of initial letter or sound in a succession of words
• Alliteration


  • Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper.
  • She sells sea shells in the sea shore.
  • Big bad Bob bounced bravely.
• Assonance


  A literary device in which the repetition of similar vowel sounds takes place in two or more words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry
• Assonance


  • Haste makes waste.
  • Nine times ninety-nine.
  • "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary." - The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe
• Consonance


  A literary device in which a consonant sound is repeated in words that are in close proximity. The repeated sound can appear anywhere in the words, unlike in alliteration where the repeated consonant sound must occur in the beginning of the word
• Consonance


  • And all the air a solemn stillness holds. (T. Gray)
  • "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile" - Zealots, Fugees
• Rhythm


  Ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of the sound and silence
• Rhythm


  • I saw a fairy in the wood,
  • He was dressed all in green.
  • He drew his sword while I just stood,
  • And realized I'd been seen.
• Meter


  Stress, duration, or number of syllables per line
• Meter

  • Let me not to the marriage of true minds. (iambic pentameter)
• Iamb (Iambic)


  Weak syllable followed by strong syllable