AP REVIEW

• Reasons for Reformation


  • Corruption of the Church
  • The Wealth of Church Officials
  • Questioning the authority of the Pope
  • Selling of Indulgence
  • Selling of the position of the Church or Simony
  • Translating the bible to Vernacular
  • The invention of the Printing Press
• Indulgence


  Selling of the forgiveness of sins/salvation
• Martin Luther


  The main proponent of the Protestant Reformation because of his work the 95 Theses which questions the corruption and wrongdoings of the Church
• Protestant Doctrine


  • Salvation is a gift of God and is achieved through faith alone
  • The BIBLE is the only authority related to faith
  • People can directly communicate or confess their sins
• Changes in the Church to stop Protestant Reformation

  • Emphasized the value of the Seven Sacraments, Masses, and Respecting the Saints
  • Emphasized that Salvation should be accompanied by GOOD WORKS and not only by faith
  • Stop the selling of Indulgence and Simony
  • Vow of Celibacy – Priest cannot marry
  • Strengthen the power and authority of the Pope
  • Careful selection of Church officials by creating seminaries
• Changes in the Church to stop Protestant Reformation (continued)

  • Creation of missionaries such as the Society of Jesus (founded by St. Ignatius de Loyola)
  • Creation of Inquisition
  • Index – List of Books forbidden by the Church to Read
• Inquisition


  an ecclesiastical tribunal (investigations) established by Pope Gregory IX for the suppression of heresy (heresy - not believing/agreeing with the accepted ideas, especially Religion)
• Protestant Religions


  • Calvinism – Founded by John Calvin (Believed in Predestination - there are individuals chosen by God for salvation)
  • Anglican Church – Founded by Henry VIII (to divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn)
• Thomas Hobbes

  Ang tao ay likas makasarili (People are naturally selfish)
• John Locke

  Likas na Karapatan (Natural Rights) (Mabuhay (Life), Kalayaan (Liberty), Ari-arian (Property))
• Voltaire

  Individual Rights (CIVIL LIBERTIES)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau

  General Will
• John Locke

  Social Contract Theory
• Baron de Montesquieu

  Separation of Powers
• Inventions

  • SPINNING JENNY (James Hargreaves)
  • WATER FRAME/SPINNING FRAME (Richard Arkwright)
  • STEAM ENGINE (James Watt)
  • AIRPLANE (Orville at Wilbur Wright)
  • COTTON GIN (Eli Whitney)
  • INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB (Thomas Edison)
  • ELECTRONIC TELEGRAPH (Samuel Morse)
  • TELEPHONE (Alexander Graham Bell)
  • FIRST T-AUTOMOBILE (Karl Benz)
  • MODEL T-FORD LARGE-SCALE ASSEMBLY LINE (Henry Ford)
  • PASTEURIZATION (Louis Pasteur)
  • STEAMBOAT (Robert Fulton)
  • STEAM LOCOMOTIVE (TRAIN) (George Stephenson)
• Reasons for World War I

  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
  • Militarism
  • Alliances
• Alliances in World War I

  • Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy Austria-Hungary)
  • Triple Entente (France, Great Britain, Russia)
• Important Events in World War I

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  • Austria Hungary declared war against Serbia
  • Germany declared war against Russia
  • Germany invaded Belgium to attack France
  • Great Britain declared war against Germany because the latter invaded Belgium
  • Sinking of Lusitania caused by Germany
  • Germany was defeated in the Siege of Verdun
  • Russia retreated the war because of the Russian Revolution
• Important Events in World War I (continued)

  • USA declared war against Germany because of the conspiracy that Germany wants to create an alliance with Mexico
  • The war in the Western Europe stop because of armistice
  • Signing of the Treaty of Versailles at Paris Peace Conference in 1919
  • Creation of League of Nations
• Important Personalities in World War I


  • Gavrilo Princip (Believed to the person who assassinated Franz Ferdinand)
  • Czar Nicholas II (The last king of Russia, was overthrown because of the Russian Revolution)
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Leader)
  • Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Germany who created the Dual Alliance)
  • Alfred Graf von Schlieffen (Created the Schlieffen Plan)
  • Georges Clemenceau (France will not be a threat to Russia)
  • David Lloyd George (Germany should be punished and protect the interests of Great Britain)
  • Vittorio Orlando (Spoils of War – equally dividing the colonies/territories of Germany among countries who won the war)
  • Woodrow Wilson (Proposed the creation of the League of Nations)