eng2s

• Comparison


  Illustrating how things are similar to each other by identifying points of comparison and listing similar characteristics or qualities
• Comparison


  • Words that signal similarities: also, like, both, as . . . as, similarly, in the same way, equally important, likewise
• Contrast


  Illustrating the differences between things by making a list of their characteristics or qualities and identifying the differences
• Contrast


  • Words that signal contrast: but, however, though, on the other hand, in contrast
• Comparison and Contrast


  A paragraph that has a unifying idea or purpose and a balance of information for each subject to avoid bias
• Cause


  Why something happens
• Effect


  What happens
• Cause-and-Effect Writing


  • Signal words: as a result, accordingly, because of (this), due to (this), consequently, hence/therefore/thus
• Cause to Effect


  1. State the cause at the beginning, then explain the effects

  2. Best for explaining a single cause with multiple effects
• Effect to Cause


  1. State the effect at the beginning, then explain the causes

  2. Best for presenting a single effect with different causes
• Consecutive Cause and Effect

  1. Explain each cause and effect completely before moving on to the next pair

  2. Each cause has its corresponding effect
• Problem


  An unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties that need to be solved
• Solution


  A way to deal with a problem so that the troubles or difficulties are removed
• Problem-Solution


  The problem is stated simply, and a possible solution is given
• Problem-Cause-Solution


  The cause of the problem is identified and analyzed before a possible solution is presented
• Problem-Process-Solution


  The process or procedure is discussed extensively, addressing the problem while leading to the solutions
• Process Analysis


  Discussing the steps taken in a given process, often presented in a chronological manner
• Process Analysis Writing


  • Use of transitional words like first, second, then, lastly, finally
• Types of Process Analysis Writing

  • Instructional/Directive
  • Informative
• American English vs British English

  Slight differences in spelling of some words
• American English vs British English

  • color/colour
  • labor/labour
  • defense/defence
• When writing, consistency in spelling should be given priority</b>
• Variant or Alternative Spellings


  Acceptable alternate spellings of some words, but the standard spelling from the dictionary should be used for consistency
• Examples of Variant Spellings

  • acknowledgment/acknowledgement
  • adviser/advisor
  • among/amongst
  • amid/amidst
• i before e except after c


  Rule to remember the correct spelling of words with i and e
• Adding Prefixes


  • The spelling of the root word does not change
• Examples of Words with Double Letters

  • different
  • harass
  • illegitimate
  • occasion
  • parallel
  • accommodate
  • aggression
  • committed
  • embarrass
  • happiness
• Silent Letters


  English words that contain silent consonants that are not pronounced
• Examples of Words with Silent Letters

  • Silent b: doubt, debt, subtle
  • Silent c: ascend, descend, convalescent
  • Silent g: align, foreign, sign
• Punctuation


  A system of symbols used to give structure to a text and guide the reader on how the text should be read
• Punctuation


  • Sharon dedicated her life to dancing. She applied to different dance companies to develop her art.
  • This song is dedicated to my siblings, Vince and Joan.
• The words are read. Be aware of those words and remember their correct spellings.
• Words with silent consonants

  • Silent b: doubt, debt, subtle
  • Silent c: ascend, descend, convalescent
  • Silent g: align, foreign, sign
• Punctuation


  A system of symbols used to give structure to a text. It guides the reader on how the text should be read.
• Using correct punctuation adds clarity to a text.
• Run-on sentence


  • Sharon dedicated her life to dancing she applied to different dance companies to develop her art.
• Correct way of writing a run-on sentence

  • Sharon dedicated her life to dancing. She applied to different dance companies to develop her art.
• Use of serial comma


  • This song is dedicated to my siblings, Vince, and Joan.
• Commonly Used Punctuation Marks

  • Period (.)
  • Question mark (?)
  • Exclamation Point (!)
  • Apostrophe (')
  • Comma (,)
  • Colon (:)
  • Semicolon (;)
  • Common dash or em dash (—)
• Period (.)


  Indicates a full stop or the end of a statement