CHAPTER 5 (LIPIDS)

• Lipids - includes fixed oils, fats, fatty acids, and waxes
• Fatty acids - building blocks of the lipids, consisting of hydrocarbons chain with a carboxylic group at one end.
• Lipids - are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols or of closely related derivatives.
• Lipids - are soluble in non-polar organic solvents and generally insoluble in water.
• USES OF LIPIDS:

  1. Medical/Pharmaceutical

  • Emollient
  • Vehicles for medications
  • Therapeutic property
  • Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

  2. Industries

  • Soaps
  • Paints
• Type of Alcohol

  1. Fixed Oils and Fats
  2. Waxes
• Fixed oils and fats - glycerol combine with fatty acids.
• Fixed oils and fats - obtained from either plants (peanut oil), and animal (lard)
• Fixed oils and fats - is for food (energy) storage
• Fixed oils and fats - (important products) used pharmaceutically, industrially, and as food industrially
• vegetable oils and fats - may occur in various parts of the plants, but as a general rule in seeds
• Seeds - may contain larger quantities and the usual

  sources of fixed oils
• Vegetable oils and fats - typically found in seeds of plants
• Sources of vegetable oils and fat:

  1. castor seed
  2. cottonseed
  3. sesame seed
  4. hemp seed
  5. linseed
  6. almond seed
  7. coconut seed
• Classifications of fixed oils:

  1. Drying oils
  2. Semi-drying oils
  3. Non-drying oils
• Waxes - May also be of plant and animal origin
• Waxes - High mol. wt. alcohol (Cetyl alcohol) combined with Fatty acids
• Fixed oils and fats - are liquid at normal temperature
• waxes - its melting point are semi-solid to solid a T ordinary temperature
• Fixed oils and fats - are often constituents of many drugs
• Fixed oils and fats - has no chemical differences of plants and animal origin
• Vegetable oils - are liquid at ordinary temperatures
• cocoa butter - the only vegetable oil that is solid at ordinary temperature
• animal fats - most of them are solid at ordinary temperatures
• Cod Liver Oil - the only liquid animal fat
• Fixed Oils and Fats of Vegetative Origin - are obtained by Expression in Hydraulic Presses:

  ▪ Cold – Virgin/Cold Pressed Oil

  ▪ Hot – Hot-pressed Oil

  ▪ Sometimes organic solvents are used for the

  extraction of oils
• Animal Fats - are separated from other tissues by

  rendering with steam or without steam.
• FIXED OILS

  SATURATED

  ❑ Coconut Oil

  ❑ Palm Oil

  ❑ Palm Kernel Oil

  MONOSATURATED

  ❑ Castor Oil

  ❑ Olive Oil

  ❑ Peanut Oil

  ❑ Rapeseed Oil
• FIXED OILS

  POLYUNSATURATED

  ❑ Almond Oil

  ❑ Corn Oil

  ❑ Cottonseed Oil

  ❑ Cod Liver Oil

  ❑ Linseed Oil

  ❑ Persic Oil

  ❑ Soybean Oil

  ❑ Sesame Oil

  ❑ Safflower Oil

  ❑ Sunflower Oil
• Fats and related compounds:

  1. Theobroma Oild
  2. Lanolin
  3. Anhydrius Lanolin
  4. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils
  5. Lard
• Theobroma Oil – derived from Cacao Butter/Cocoa Butter
• Lanolin (Hydrous) - derived from Woolfat, used in pharmaceutical and skincare formulation as emolient, has high water content
• Lanolin (Anhydrous ) – derived from Woolfat, used in pharmaceutical and skincare formulations fo stability, has lower water content
• Waxes - are esters resulting from the condensation of high molecular weight, straight-chain acids and alcohols.
• well-known waxes (specific type):

  1. Beeswax CH3(CH2)14CO2-(CH2)15CH3
  2. Carnauba wax - CH3(CH2)24CO2(CH2)29CH3
  3. Spermaceti - CH3(CH2)30CO2-(CH2)33CH3
• General Uses of Waxes:

  • Hardens ointments and creams
  • Preparation of Cerates
  • Protective coatings in industry and art.
• Waxes from PLANTS

  1. Carnauba Wax
  2. Bayberry Wax
• Waxes from INSECTS:

  1. Beeswax
  2. Lacwax
• Other Animals (marine)

  1. Spermaceti - derived from toothed whales
• Saturated Fatty Acids - has no C-C double bonds