10.6

• A shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue, such as brain tissue.

  Hypoxia
• Absence seizures are not associated with convulsions; their primary behavioral symptom is a loss of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior, a vacant look, and sometimes fluttering eyelids.
• The EEG of an absence seizure is different from that of other seizures; it is a bilaterally symmetrical 3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge.
• True or False: Although there is no cure for epilepsy, the frequency and severity of seizures can often be reduced by anticonvulsant medication.

  True
• True or False: Drugs used for the symptoms of epilepsy have adverse side effects such as memory impairment and they don't work for everyone.

  True
• Below are other treatment options for epilepsy except for one:

  • stimulation of the vagus nerve
  • tUS
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • ketogenic diet
  • Surgery

  tUS
• A diet consisting of high levels of fat, moderate levels of protein, and low levels of carbohydrates.

  Ketogenic Diet
• Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder of middle and old age that affects 1–2 percent of the population over the age of 65.
• True or False: According to Pinel and Barnes, Parkinson's Disease is slightly more prevalent in males than in females.

  True
• Parkinson’s disease is associated with widespread degeneration, but it is particularly severe in the substantia nigra —the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia.
• Autopsy often reveals clumps of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra—these clumps are known as Lewy bodies.
• The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be alleviated by injections of l-dopa—the chemical from which the body synthesizes dopamine.
• When medication is not effective in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, deep brain stimulation is a treatment option. This entails applying low-intensity electrical stimulation continually to a particular area of the brain through a stereotaxically implanted electrode
• The treatment of Parkinson’s disease by this deep brain stimulation usually involves chronic bilateral electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, a nucleus that lies just beneath the thalamus and is richly connected to the basal ganglia.
• Subthalamic nucleus, a nucleus that lies just beneath the thalamus and is richly connected to the basal ganglia.
• Huntington’s disease is a progressive motor disorder, but, unlike Parkinson’s disease, it is rare (1 in 7,500), it has a simple genetic basis, and it is always associated with severe dementia.
• The first clinical sign of Huntington’s disease is often increased fidgetiness.
• Huntington’s disease is passed from generation to generation by a single mutated dominant gene, called huntingtin.
• The protein huntingtin codes for is known as the huntingtin protein.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS.