Science

• Gases


  Made up of molecules that behave differently than solids and liquids
• Robert Boyle


  Studied the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure in 1662
• Measurable properties of gases

  • Pressure
  • Volume
  • Temperature
• Pressure


  The force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container divided by the surface area of the container
• Units of pressure


  • Pascal (Pa)
  • Atmosphere (atm)
  • Torr
  • Millimeter mercury (mm Hg)
• 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg, 1 torr = 1 mm Hg, 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
• Volume


  The space occupied, equal to the volume of the vessel or container
• Units of volume


  • Cubic meter (m3)
  • Cubic centimeter (cm3)
  • Liter (L)
  • Milliliter (mL)
• Temperature


  The degree of hotness or coldness
• Units of temperature


  • Degree Celsius (°C)
  • Degree Fahrenheit (°F)
  • Kelvin (K)
• The standard temperature is 0 °C or 273.15 K, and the standard pressure is 1 atm pressure
• At STP, one mole of gas occupies 22.4 L of volume
• Biomolecules


  Complex organic molecules that form the basis of life, required for growth, maintenance and survival of living organisms
• Main classes of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
• Macromolecules


  Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
• Biomolecules are composed of CHNOPS elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
• Monomer


  Single unit forming a long chain of molecules creating a repeated pattern
• Polymer


  Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, or a repeated pattern of various building blocks
• Carbohydrates are comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (1 sugar unit)
  • Oligosaccharides (2-10 sugar units)
  • Polysaccharides (more than 10 sugar units)
• Functions of carbohydrates


  • Excellent source of energy
  • Structural function (e.g. cellulose, starch, glycogen)
• Proteins


  Polymers of amino acids, arranged in the form of a chain called polypeptide
• Levels of protein structure

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Functions of proteins


  • Structural (e.g. hair, nails, muscles)
  • Dynamic (e.g. cell membrane transport, catalysts/enzymes)
• Lipids


  Wide variety of biomolecules including fats, oils, waxes and steroid hormones, characterized by being hydrophobic
• Functions of lipids


  • Energy storage (fats)
  • Protective layers (oils, waxes)
  • Cell activity regulation (steroid hormones)
• Nucleic acids


  Main information-carrying molecules of the cell, determining inherited characteristics
• Types of nucleic acids

  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Polynucleotides


  Long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides
• Nitrogen-containing bases in nucleic acids

  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Uracil (U)
• Gases


  Made up of molecules that behave differently than solids and liquids
• ROBERT BOYLE studied the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure


  1662
• Measurable properties of gases

  • Pressure
  • Volume
  • Temperature
• Pressure


  The force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container divided by the surface area of the container
• Units of pressure

  • Pascal (Pa)
  • Atmosphere (atm)
  • Torr
  • Millimeter mercury (mm Hg)
• Converting pressure units

  1. 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg

  2. 1 torr = 1 mm Hg

  3. 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
• Volume


  The space occupied, equal to the volume of the vessel or container
• Units of volume

  • Cubic meter (m3)
  • Cubic centimeter (cm3)
  • Liter (L)
  • Milliliter (mL)
• Temperature


  The degree of hotness or coldness
• Temperature units


  • Degree Celsius (°C)
  • Degree Fahrenheit (°F)
  • Kelvin (K)