P1 Multiple choice

• What is the role of the Id, ego and superego? (psychoanalytic theory)

  Id is your instincts

  Super ego is your morals

  Ego is reality, decision making
• What is congruence?

  A term used by a Humanist psychologist called Carl Rogers, this is when a person's ideal self and actual self are consistent with one another. He believed that it was very rare for a complete state of congruence for a person therefore most experience a certain amount of incongruence.
• What do the following letters stand for in the classical conditioning process?

  UCS - Unconditioned stimulus

  UCR - Unconditioned response

  NS - Neutral stimulus

  CS - Conditioned stimulus

  CR - Conditioned response
• What is generalisation?


  When an association with a specific stimulus creates the same associations with similar stimuli.
• In Operant conditioning, what is the role of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment?

  Positive and negative reinforcement both increase a behaviour. Punishment will decrease a behaviour.

  An example of positive reinforcement is giving a thumbs up after a desired behaviour. An example of negative reinforcement is taking a way a child's chores for the week because they did their homework well.
• What is continuous reinforcement?

  Reinforcing (positive or negative) a behavior every time it occurs.
• What is the law of effect? (Thorndike)

  Behaviour followed by reinforcement or a reward are more likely to occur in the future, and the opposite for punished behaviours.
• What are primary and secondary reinforcers?

  Primary: Innately satisfying (e.g., food, water). Secondary: Learned by association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money, praise).
• In social learning theory what are the different stages?

  Attention - Stimuli focus

  Retention - Storing the information to retrieve it later

  Motor reproduction - The ability of the observer to reproduce the behaviour

  Motivation - The will to perform the behaviour, based on if they observed reward or punishment.
• What are the definitions of these key terms in Social learning theory?

  Imitation - Using someone as a model and copying their behaviour.

  Identification - The extent the individual relates to the model, how much they can identify with them.

  Vicarious reinforcement - Indirect learning by observing another person being reinforced for a behaviour.
• How is and isn't the mind like a computer?(Cognitive)

  Similarities: Information processing, storage, and retrieval. Differences: Emotions, consciousness, creativity.