MS Midterms 2

• Spinal Cord Tumor

  May be benign or malignant, primary or metastatic
• Spinal Cord Tumor Classifications

  Intramedullary and Extramedullary
• Meningitis 


  Inflammation of the membranes and the fluid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
• Septic meningitis

  Due to Bacteria
• Aseptic Meningitis

  Due to viral infection, lymphoma, leukemia, or brain abscess
• N. meningitidis

  Transmitted by secretions or aerosol contamination, and infection is most likely in dense community groups such
• Viral Meningitis


  Is usually mild and often clears on its own
• Encephalitis

  Inflammation of the active tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response; causes include viral infections and vector borne viral infections and fungal infections
• Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus affects temporal lobes and frontal lobes
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

  Rare, degenerative, infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; caused by prions
• Prions

  Small proteinaceous particles that are smaller than viruses and resistant to sterilization
• Brain Abscess


  Collection of infectious material within brain tissue; prevent by treating otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis, dental infections, and systemic infections promptly
• Alzheimer's Disease


  Brain disorder that gets worse over time. It is characterized by changes in the brain that lead to deposits of certain proteins
• Alzheimer's causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die
• Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia
• Plaques

  Beta-amyloid is a fragment of a larger protein. When these fragments clump together, they appear to have a toxic effect on neurons and to disrupt communication between brain cells. These clumps form larger deposits called amyloid plaques, which also include other cellular debris.
• Tangles

  Tau proteins play a part in a brain cell's internal support and transport system to carry nutrients and other essential materials.
• Tau proteins change shape and organize intro structures called neurofibrillary tangles
• Angiomas

  masses of abnormal blood vessels
• Metastatic tumors

  symptoms are dependent upon the location and size of the lesion and the compression of associated structures
• Craniotomy

  opening of the skull
• Craniectomy

  excision of a portion of the skull
• Cranioplasty

  repair of a cranial defect using a plastic or metal plate
• Burr holes

  circular openings for exploration or diagnosis, to provide access to ventricles, for shunting procedures, to aspirate a hematoma or abscess, to make a bone flap
• Multiple sclerosis

  Progressive immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system, destroying the myelin and axons
• Parkinson's disease

  Chronic and progressive movement disorder that initially causes tremor in one hand, stiffness or slowing of movement
• Myasthenia Gravis

  Neuromuscular disorder that leads to weakness of skeletal muscles; autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junctions
• In myasthenia gravis, the immune system makes antibodies that block or destroy many of muscles' receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
• Thymus gland is part of immune system and located in the upper chest beneath the breastbone
• Ptosis is the drooping of the eyelids, either unilateral or bilateral
• Myasthenic crisis is a life-threatening condition and happens when the muscles that control breathing become too weak to work
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder with acute attack of peripheral nerve myelin
• Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system that attacks the nerves
• • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducent
  • Facial
  • Acoustic
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
• Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tic Duloureux, can cause pain in the upper and lower teeth, headaches, and pain in the gums and jaw
• Trigeminal Neuralgia is the condition of the 5th cranial nerve characterized by paroxysms of pain
• Bell's Palsy is a condition that causes temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face. It causes paralysis on one side of the face, drooping face, headache, loss of taste, increased sensitivity to sound, dry eye and dry mouth, difficulty with speech and eating
• Bell's palsy is a facial paralysis due to unilateral inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve
• Bell's palsy also known as acute peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause
• Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain