ao3

• limitation - the critical period

  for b damage as inevitable if a child had not fared an attachment in the first 2.5 years of life. hence CP. however there is evidence to suggest that good quality aftercare can prevent most or all of this damage

  Koluchova's case study on Czech twins who experienced emotional and physical abuse from 18months - 7 years old question this. although they were damaged they received care and by their teens fully recovered.

  tmt lasting harm is not inevitable even in cases of severe privation. critical period is therefore better seen as a sensitive period
• limitation- deprivation and privation

  a limitation is his confusion between different types of early experience

  rutter drew an important distinction between two types of early negative experience. deprivation refers to the loss of the primary attachment figure after an attachment has developed. privation is there failure ti firn any attachment in the first place. rutter argues the severe long-term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is more likely the result of privation.

  children studied by Goldfarb have been 'prived' rather than deprived. many of the 44 thieves had disrupted early lives and may have never formed attachments.

  |bowlby may have overestimated the seriousness of the effects of deprivation in children's development.
• counterpoint

  a new line of research had provided some modest support for the idea that maternal deprivation can have long-term effects

  Levy et al showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had a permanent effect on their social development through not other aspects of development.

  this means that although bowlby relied sonf lawed evidence to support the theory of maternal deprivation, there are other sources of evidence for his ideas.
• limitation - flawed evidence

  the poor quality of evidence its based on

  bowlbys 44 thrived study is flawed because it was bowlby himself who carried out both the family interviews and the assessments for affection less psychopathology. this left him open to bias as he knew in advance which teenagers he expected to show signs of pathology

  other sources of evidence were equally flawed. bowlby was also influenced by the findings of Goldfarb's research on the development of deprived children in wartime orphanages. - has problems of confounding variables because they children in Goldfarb's study had experiences early trauma and intuitional care as well as prolonged separation from their primary caregiver

  bowlbys original sources of evidence had serious flaws and would not be taken seriously as evidence nowadays
• limitation -conflicting evidence

  a limitation of bowlbys 44 thieves study is that most attempts to replicate the study have failed to produce similar results.

  Hilda looked at 500 young people and found no association between early separation and later psychopathy

  on the other hand, more recent research Gao et al has partially supported bowlby by showing that poor quality maternal care was associated with high rates of psychopathy in adults

  this questions the extent to which we should consider maternal deprivation as an explanation for abnormal development