EVO Final

• Essentialism

  each species has an "essence" of which each species is an imperfect form
• Teleological

  organisms are designed (have a purpose)
• Carolus Linnaeus

  - purpose of natural science is to catalogue God's creations and reveal their pattern

  - established the framework for modern hierarchical scientific classification using binomial nomenclature
• Georges Louis Leclerc

  - each species has an unchanging "internal mold"

  - proposed that closely related species may have arisen from a common ancestor
• James Hutton

  - father of geology

  - deduce that geological time was much longer than previously thought due to patterns of deposition and erosion seen in strata of cliffs
• Georges Cuvier

  - became the world's expert on the anatomy of animals

  - proponent of catastrophism

  - Established extinction as fact
• Charles Lyell

  - uniformitarianism: earth shaped by slow moving forces over very long

  - contradicted catastrophism: earth shaped by biblical catastrophes
• Jean-Baptisete Lamarck

  - change through use and disuse

  - inheritance of acquired characteristics in animals life time
• Charles Darwin

  - often credited with discovering evolution

  - actually built upon others work

  - should be credited with discovering the means by which evolution occurs
• Voyage of the Beagle

  5 year voyage where Darwin collected fossils, noted geology, and collected specimens which he sent to Cambridge
• Alfred Wallace

  conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection
• Two major themes of Origin of Species

  - decent with modification (all species descended from 1 or few common ancestors and accumulated differences over time)

  - theory of natural selection
• Darwin's Theory of Evolution

  - organisms change over time (evolutions)

  - species diverge from common ancestor (common decent)

  - changes occur gradually over time

  - changes occur in the proportions of individuals within a population

  - Natural selection: changes the proportions of individuals are caused by differences in their ability to survive and reproduce
• Microevolution

  evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short time period (one generation to the next)
• Macroevolution

  refers to evolution above the species level (broadest trends in evolution
• Creationism

  opposes the teaching of evolution in public schools
• What are the 6 lines of evidence for evolution?

  - biodiversity

  - biogeography

  - fossil records

  - embryology

  - comparative anatomy

  - molecular evidence
• Biodiversity

  - many different ways to be an organism

  - species are adapted to their environments by natural selection
• Biogeography

  - study of geographic distributions of organisms

  - combines geology, paleontology, systematics, and ecology
• Continental drift

  the movement of continental plates through the action of currents generated deep within the molten rock mantle
• Vicariance

  evolutionary separation of species by barriers such as those formed by continental drift
• Fossil record

  - only direct evidence of macroevolutionary processes

  - usually incomplete
• Theory of Recapitulation

  a largely discredited biological hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal goes through stages resembling stages in the evolution of the animals remote ancestors
• von Baer Law

  features common to a more inclusive taxon, often appear in ontogeny before the specific characters of lower-level taxa
• Homologous structures

  structures with different appearances and functions that are all derived from the same body parts in a common ancestor

  - product of divergent evolution
• Analogous structures

  superficially similar structures that were independently derived

  - product of convergent evolution
• Speciation

  the origin of two species from a common ancestral species

  - bridges the evolution of populations and the evolution of taxonomic diversity
• Reproductive isolation

  biological differences between the populations reduce gene flow between them, even if they aren't graphically separated
• Isolating mechanisms

  gene flow between biological species is partially or entirely prevented by biological differences
• Prezygotic barriers

  - geographic isolation

  - ecological isolation

  - behavioral isolation
• Gametic isolation

  gametes of different species fail to unite
• Hybrid inviability

  hybrids have lower survival rates than non-hybrids
• Allopatry

  Species or distinct populations with geographic ranging that are separate from one another
• Sympatry

  species or distinct populations with overlapping geographic ranges
• Parapatry

  species or distinct populations with adjacent but nonoverlapping geographic ranges
• Hybrid zone

  a region where genetically distinct parapatric forms interbreed
• Cline

  a gradual change in a character or allele frequencies over geographic distance
• Ecotype

  a phenotype that is associated with a particular habitat
• Taxonomy

  the naming and classification of organisms
• Systematics

  classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships