Biomolecules

• Biomolecule


  Any molecule that is produced by a living organism and includes large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids
• Biomolecules are obtained from food
• Main types of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
• Carbohydrates

  The primary energy source of the body, and are sugars
• Monomer

  The building block or smaller unit from which larger molecules are made
• Types of carbohydrate monomers (monosaccharides)

  • Glucose (Blood sugar)
  • Fructose (fruit sugar)
  • Galactose ( milk)
• Disaccharide

  A carbohydrate formed by combining two monosaccharides
• Examples of disaccharides

  • Maltose (syrup)
  • Lactose (milk sugar)
  • Sucrose (table sugar)
• Polysaccharide

  A complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides
• Examples of polysaccharides

  • Starch (energy storage for plants)
  • Glycogen (animals)
  • Cellulose (plants, cell walls)
  • Chitin (insect, exoskeleton)
• Iodine test for starch


  1. Add iodine

  2. Observe colour change to violet
• Benedict's test for simple carbohydrates


  1. Add Benedict's solution

  2. Observe colour change to green, yellow, orange, red or brick red
• Protein


  Body building molecules that help us grow, transport molecules, and control chemical reactions
• Monomer for proteins

  Amino acid
• Examples of proteins

  • Soy
  • Albumin
  • Hemoglobin
  • Enzymes
• Biuret test for proteins


  1. Add biuret reagent

  2. Observe colour change to purple
• Nucleic acids

  Important components in heredity, present in DNA
• Lipids

  Energy storing molecules, provide protection and waterproof covering
• monomer for lipids

  Fatty acids
• Formula for carbohydrates:

  Ch2O
• Formula for protein

  RCH(NH2)COOH
• Carbohydates elements:

  CHO
• Protein elements

  CHOPNS
• Nucleuic acid elements:

  CHONP
• LIPIDS ELEMENTS: CHOPS
• Nucleic acids are polynucleotides— that is, long chainlike molecules
• composed of seres of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
• nucleotide

  consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group.
• Each nucleic acid contains four of five possible nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine raol (in RINA) (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
• Purines:

  A AND G
• Pyrimidines:

  C, T, AND U
• monomer is a single unit forming a long chain of molecules creating a repeated pattern.
• Polymers:

  This is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, or a repeated pattern of various building blocks.
• carbohydrate polymers:

  disaccharide

  polysaccharide
• Lipids polymer:

  diglycerides

  triglycerides
• Nucleic acid polymer:

  DNA

  RNA
• Protein polymer:

  polypeptides
• Monomer for nucleic acid:

  nucleotides
• Monomer for carbohydrates

  monosaccharides
• Carbohydrates function:

  Provide material to build cell membrane

  Provide quick energy for cells