Science

• Conduction


  Transfer of heat through the collisions of molecules
• Convection


  Transfer of heat through the movement of fluids
• Radiation


  Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves
• Thermal equilibrium


  Objects with the same temperature
• Radiation


  • Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves
• Convection


  • Transfer of energy through the movement of the substance itself
• Thermal insulators


  • Materials that do not allow heat to flow on it
• Conduction


  • Transfer of heat by the collision of molecules in a material
• Sea breeze


  • Produced during the daytime when the air above the land is warmer than the air above the sea
• Heat is transferred in three methods: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
• Objects with the same temperature are said to be in thermal equilibrium
• Conduction is the transfer of heat through the collisions of molecules
• Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids
• Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves
• A vacuum flask is designed to lessen heat through conduction, convection, and radiation
• At daytime, the land warms easily than water at the seashore. It causes the air above it to be warmer than the air above the water. This enables the air above the land to be heated and rise while the cooler air above the water sinks and replaces the risen warm air over the land. The process produces sea breeze
• During night time, the process is reversed since the land cools faster than the water. The warmer air over the water rises and is replaced by the cooler air coming from the land. This process produces a land breeze
• Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. These loose electrons transfer energy faster through its collisions with the other atoms
• Good thermal conductors allow heat to easily transfer through it. Silver and copper are good thermal conductors
• Materials such as cork, plastic, and fiberglass are considered as thermal insulators. They do not allow heat to transfer through them easily. The outer electrons of thermal insulators are firmly attached. Therefore, heat takes a long time to transfer from one part of material to the other
• Wood is used as a handle for pots and pans since it has a very low conductivity for heat. Because of this, it is also possible for firewalkers to walk barefoot on hot wooden coals. Although the temperature is high, little heat is conducted from the wood to the feet
• Heat


  The transfer of thermal energy from a hot object to a cold object
• Temperature


  The degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale
• Measuring temperature


  1. Thermal contact

  2. Thermal equilibrium
• Thermometer measures its own temperature
• Thermal contact


  When two objects can exchange thermal energy between them
• Thermal equilibrium


  When two objects reach the same temperature, and there is no transfer of thermal energy anymore
• Heat


  Energy in transit between objects that are in thermal contact
• Heat


  Measured in joules (J) and calories (cal)
• Temperature scales


  • Celsius
  • Fahrenheit
  • Kelvin
• Celsius scale is named after Anders Celsius, has 100 divisions between freezing and boiling point of water
• Fahrenheit scale has 180 divisions between freezing and boiling point of water, freezing point is 32°F, boiling point is 212°F
• Kelvin scale is calibrated based on absolute zero and triple point, not based on freezing and boiling points of water
• Converting temperature scales


  1. Celsius to Fahrenheit

  2. Celsius to Kelvin

  3. Kelvin to Celsius
• Thermometers


  • Clinical thermometer
  • Digital thermometer
  • Alcohol-in-glass thermometer
• Mercury-in-glass thermometers are being phased out due to mercury poisoning
• Increasing temperature


  Increases average kinetic energy of molecules
• At absolute zero (0 Kelvin), substance has no average kinetic energy
• Heat cannot be contained by an object, it is the thermal energy the object contains
• One calorie is equivalent to 4.186 joules