3rd quiz

• Heterotrophs

  Organisms that obtain energy, nourishment from organic materials made by other organisms
• Animals

  • Cannot construct organic molecules from inorganic chemicals
• Types of heterotrophs

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
• Nutritional needs

  • Chemical energy
  • Organic building blocks
  • Essential nutrients
• Essential amino acids

  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine
• Sources of essential fatty acids

  • Seeds
  • Grains
  • Vegetables
• Vitamins

  0.01–100 mg per day, depending on the vitamin
• Minerals

  Less than 1 mg to about 2,500 mg per day
• Digestive process


  1. Ingestion

  2. Digestion

  3. Absorption

  4. Egestion

  
• Ingestion


  Act of eating or feeding; coupled with mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces allowing for greater surface area for chemical digestion

  
• Digestion


  Breakdown of food into particles then into nutrient molecules small enough for body to absorb; chemical digestion by enzymes involves breaking of chemical bonds through the addition of water, i.e., enzymatic hydrolysis

  
• Absorption


  Passage of digested nutrients and fluid across the tube wall and into the body fluids; the cells take up (absorb) small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars
• Elimination


  Expulsion of the undigested, unabsorbed materials from the end of the gut
• Phases of digestion


  • Mechanical (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine)
  • Chemical (digestive enzymes secreted by glands)

  
• Types of digestion


  • Intracellular
  • Extracellular

  
• Types of digestive system

  • Incomplete
  • Complete

  
• Animal cells exchange material across their cell membrane
• Materials exchanged across cell membrane

  • Fuels for energy
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Waste (urea, CO2)
• Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier
• What needs to be transported

  • Nutrients & fuels from digestive system
  • Respiratory gases (O2 & CO2) from & to gas exchange systems
  • Intracellular waste
  • Protective agents
  • Regulatory molecules
• Components of circulatory system

  • Circulatory fluid = "blood"
  • Tubes = blood vessels
  • Muscular pump = heart

  
• Types of circulatory system

  • Open (invertebrates)
  • Closed (vertebrates)

  
• Hemolymph


  Circulatory fluid in invertebrates where there is no separation between blood and interstitial fluid

  
• Structural elements of circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood (RBC, WBC, Platelets, Plasma)
  • Blood vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)

  
• Systems of circulation

  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
• Blue vs red areas in circulatory system diagram represent coronary arteries to neck, head, and arms

  
• Major organs/structures of respiratory system

  • Nasal passages
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx/voice box
  • Trachea/windpipe, bronchi, bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• Variations in invertebrate respiratory system

  • Aquatic (skin, gills, ctenidia, tube feet)
  • Terrestrial (skin, book lungs, mantle cavity)
• Variations in vertebrate respiratory system

  • Fishes (gills)
  • Frogs (lungs)
  • Amphibians (skin, lungs)
  • Mammals (lungs)
• The kidneys produce and excrete urine
• Thirst plays an essential role in the control of water and salt balance
• Stimulating one set of neurons in mice causes intense drinking behavior, even if the animal is fully hydrated
• Stimulating a second set of neurons causes an immediate halt in water consumption, even in dehydrated animals