lesson 1

• STATISTIC


  synonymous with the word data

  a branch of mathematics which deals with collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data for the purpose of assisting in making a more effective decision
• The Great Greek Triumvirates


  socrates, plato, aristotle
• Socrates


  believed that thoughts and knowledge come from within us 

  the understanding of self allows one to live a virtuous life
• Plato


  introduced to us that human is a rational being
• Aristotle

  • stressed on the importance of experience rather than reasons
• Dr. Nevil Maskelyne


  • 1796
  • dismissed his 24 year old assistant, David Kinnebrook, on the ground that Kinnebrook differed him by 800 milliseconds in judging stellar transits
  • Kinnebrook’s mistake was proven serious statistically
  • the origin of experimental psychology
• Friedrich Bessel


  • 1816
  • he wanted to know the difference between himself and other well practiced observers in their observations and recording
  • “personal equation”
• Gustav Theodore Fechner


  • 1830
  • he claims that he was the one who started the formal beginning of experimental psychology
  • “just noticeable differences, right and wrong cases, and average error”
  • S= k log R
• Hermann von Helmholtz


  • 1855
  • reasoned that the perceived hue, brightness, and saturation of color might be derived from varying activity in three primary kinds of nerve fibers in the eye
  • book: physiologischen optik
• Charles Darwin


  • 1859
  • his theory made comparative psychology important
  • theory of evolution
• Franciscus Cornelis Donders


  • 1865 to 1868

  he assimilated the reaction time procedure to psychology, employing to study the time taken up by mental operations
• Wilhelm Wundt


  • 1862
  • began the study of sense perception that led to a series of publications collected
  • raised the first psychology laboratory in the world devoted to original psychological research
  • students from all over the world journeyed to Leipzig to learn experimental technique
• William James


  • formed a psychology laboratory at Harvard University

  his lab was used for teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation and original research
• Granville Stanley Hall


  • 1883
  • was the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
  • the first president of Clark University
  • he created the first experimental psychology lab in the US at John Hopkins University
  • dean of American Psychologist
• James McKeen Cattel


  was the first professor of the psychology in the US at the University of Pennsylvania
• Edward Titchener


  published the “Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice”

  contributed a lot on Wundt's work

  structuralism
• Francis Galton


  • 1884
  • established his anthropometric laboratory in London

  invented the “coefficient of correlation”
• Hermann Ebbinghaus


  • 1885

  reported his studies in learning and memory
• Franz Anton Mesmer


  • theorized that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects
  • animal magnetism
  • mesmerism
• James Braid


  • 1843
  • proposed the term hypnosis for a technique derived from animal magnetism

  later, with a work of Sigmund Freud, a new branch of medical psychology was born
• THE MAIN GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY


  • describe
  • explain
  • predict
  • control
• CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS


  Descriptive Statistics

  Inferential Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics


  • includes the methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and averaging the data
  • the objective is simply describing and summarizing the important features, properties or characteristics of the data on hand without attempting to give inference
• Inferential Statistics


  • demands a higher order of critical judgment and mathematical methods
  • the main concern is to analyze the organize data leading to prediction of inferences
  • the area of inferential statistics called hypothesis testing
  • hypothesis testing is a decision making process for evaluating the statements about a population
  • based on the information gathered from the samples