kingdom animalia - genbio

• Deuterostomes

  Animals where the blastopore (opening formed during gastrulation) develops into the anus, and the mouth forms later
• Deuterostomes

  • Echinoderms
  • Chordates
• Protostomes


  Animals where the blastopore develops into the mouth first, and the anus forms later
• Protostomes

  • Arthropods
  • Mollusks
  • Annelids
  • Flatworms
• Diploblastic

  • Animals with two germ layers: ectoderm (outer) and endoderm (inner)
• Diploblastic


  • Cnidarians
  • Ctenophores
• Triploblastic

  • Animals with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm (middle), and endoderm
• Triploblastic


  • Platyhelminthes
  • Chordata
• Radial Symmetry


  • Body parts arranged around a central axis, like spokes on a wheel
• Radial Symmetry

  • Cnidarians
  • Echinoderms
• Bilateral Symmetry


  • Body can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane
• Bilateral Symmetry


  • Arthropods
  • Chordates
• Acoelomate


  • Animals lacking a body cavity
• Acoelomate


  • Flatworms
• Pseudocoelomate


  • Animals with a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm, but not completely lined by mesoderm
• Pseudocoelomate


  • Nematodes
• Coelomate


  • Animals with a true body cavity completely lined by mesoderm
• Coelomate


  • Annelids
  • Mollusks
  • Arthropods
  • Echinoderms
  • Chordates
• Incomplete Digestive System


  • Only one opening serves as both mouth and anus
• Incomplete Digestive System


  • Cnidarians
  • Flatworms
• Complete Digestive System


  • Two separate openings for ingestion and egestion (mouth and anus)
• Complete Digestive System


  • Annelids
  • Mollusks
  • Arthropods
  • Echinoderms
  • Chordates
• Nerve Nets


  • Simplest nervous systems found in animals, consisting of interconnected nerve cells distributed throughout the body
• Nerve Nets


  • Cnidarians
• Centralized Nervous System


  • More complex nervous systems with a centralized mass of nerve tissue (brain or ganglia) and nerve cords
• Centralized Nervous System


  • Arthropods
  • Chordates
• Porifera


  • Asymmetrical or radial symmetry
  • No true tissues or germ layers; cellular level of organization
  • Variable body form (encrusting, vase-shaped, or branching)
  • No digestive system; intracellular digestion
  • Sexual (sperm released into water, fertilization occurs internally or externally) and asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction
• Cnidaria


  • Radial symmetry
  • Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)
  • Polyps (sessile, cylindrical) and medusae (free-swimming, umbrella-shaped) body forms
  • Incomplete digestive cavity with single opening (mouth)
  • Sexual (gametes released into water for external fertilization) and asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction
• Platyhelminthes


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Dorsoventrally flattened; often ribbon-like or leaf-shaped body form
  • Incomplete digestive system with single opening (mouth)
  • Sexual (internal fertilization) and asexual (budding, fragmentation, regeneration) reproduction
• Nematoda


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Cylindrical, unsegmented body form
  • Complete digestive system with separate mouth and anus
  • Sexual (separate sexes, internal fertilization) and occasionally hermaphroditic reproduction
• Annelida


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Segmented body with repetitive units (metameres)
  • Complete digestive system with mouth and anus
  • Sexual (separate sexes, internal fertilization) and occasionally asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction
• Mollusca


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Variable body form, typically with a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
  • Complete digestive system with mouth, radula (in most species), and anus
  • Sexual (internal or external fertilization) and occasionally asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction
• Arthropoda


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Segmented body with jointed appendages; typically covered by an exoskeleton
  • Complete digestive system with mouth and anus
  • Sexual (internal or external fertilization) and occasionally asexual (parthenogenesis, fragmentation) reproduction
• Echinodermata


  • Pentaradial symmetry (in adults); bilateral symmetry (in larvae)
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Typically with a spiny skin and a water vascular system
  • Complete digestive system with mouth and anus
  • Sexual (external fertilization) and occasionally asexual (regeneration) reproduction
• Chordata


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • Variable body form, typically possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail
  • Complete digestive system with mouth and anus
  • Sexual (internal or external fertilization) and occasionally asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction