Lesson 8 cogni

• Declarative Knowledge


  • Knowing that
  • Knowledge of facts about cognitive psychology, about world history, about your personal history, and about mathematics
• Procedural Knowledge


  • Knowing how
  • Knowledge about how to follow procedural steps for performing actions
• Procedural Knowledge


  • How to drive a car
  • How to write your signature
  • How to ride a bicycle to the nearest grocery store
  • How to catch a ball
• Sensation


  The process of detecting physical energy from the environment
• Perception


  The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
• Concept


  A mental grouping of similar things, events, and people that is used to remember and understand what things are, what they mean, and what categories or groups they belong to
• Concept of a car

  • Black tires
  • Two doors
  • Four doors
  • Red
  • White
  • Black
• Category


  A group of items into which different objects or concepts can be placed that belong together because they share some common features, or because they are all similar to a certain prototype
• Categories


  • Objects
  • Natural kinds
  • People
  • Events
  • Ideas
• Schema


  A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
• Schema for a horse

  • Large
  • Has hair
  • Four legs
  • Has a tail
• A young child encounters a cow for the first time

  She might initially call it a horse
• Natural Categories


  Groupings that occur naturally in the world, like birds or trees
• Artifact Categories


  Groupings that are designed or invented by humans to serve particular purposes or functions, like automobiles or kitchen appliances
• Ad Hoc Categories


  Categories that are created just for the moment or for a specific purpose, described in words rather than phrases
• Levels of Categorization


  • Superordinate level
  • Basic level
  • Subordinate level
• Superordinate Level


  Display a high degree of generality and provide only very abstract information, sometimes called category-wide attributes
• Basic Level


  Display higher class inclusion than subordinate level categories, having more members than superordinate categories, also called the generic level
• Subordinate Level


  Display low degree of generality and a low degree of class inclusion
• Feature-Based Categories: A Defining View


  All features are necessary and sufficient to define the category
• Feature-Based Category: Bachelor


  • Male
  • Unmarried
  • Adult
• Prototype Theory: A Characteristic View


  Categories have characteristic features that are not necessarily shared by all members
• Prototype of a game


  • Usually enjoyable
  • Has two or more players
  • Presents some degree of challenge
• Classical Concepts


  Categories that can be readily defined through defining features
• Fuzzy Concepts


  Categories that cannot be easily defined, such as "game" or "death"
• Exemplars


  Typical representatives of a category
• Exemplars for birds


  • Songbird
  • Birds of prey
  • Large flightless birds
  • Medium-sized waterfowl
• Core


  The defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category
• Core of "robber"


  • A person who takes things from others without permission
• Theory-Based View of Categorization


  People understand and categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories or general ideas they have regarding those concepts
• What makes someone a "good sport"?

  • Componential view
  • Prototype view
  • Exemplar view
  • Theory-based view
• Psycholinguistics

  The study of acquisition, storage, comprehension, and production of language
• Psycholinguistics

  The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
• Language

  Organized way to combine words to communicate
• Language is unique to humans
• Language is a communication system that is learned instead of biologically inherited
• Four Areas in Psycholinguistics

  • Linguistics
  • Neurolinguistics
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Computational linguistics
• Linguistics

  Emphasis on the scientific study of language and its structure, including morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics
• Neurolinguistics

  Emphasis on brain changes during language use, study of relationships among the brain, cognition, and language
• Sociolinguistics

  Emphasis on relationship between language and society, study of relationship between social behavior and language