History

• Social and cultural factors that influenced pre-industrial Britain (pre 1850)

  • Money
  • Class
  • Gender
  • Law
  • Education
  • Time
  • Transport
• SC factors pre 1850: Money

  (LC)- Poor, had simple equipment and natural facilities.

  (UC)-Had money, wagered and used transport.
• SC factors pre 1850: Class

  (LC)- Peasants and manually worked

  (UC)- Hereditary and landowners
• SC factors pre 1850: Gender

  (LC)-Little participation

  (UC)-Some participation
• SC factors pre 1850: Law

  No laws for lower or upper class, was violent and uncivilised
• SC factors pre 1850: Education

  (LC)- Illiterate

  (UC)- Literate/attended school
• SC factors pre 1850: Time

  (LC)- Worked 75 hours per week, no free time

  (UC)- Lots of time that they filled with sport
• SC factors pre 1850: Transport

  (LC)- Limited travel and walked more

  (UC)- Regional play and used horse and carriage
• Characteristics of sport in pre-industrial Britain (pre 1850)

  • Wagering
  • Occasional
  • Local
  • Violent
  • Occupational
  • Rural
  • Simple unwritten rules
  • Class divide
  • Simple
• Characteristics pre 1850: Wagering

  Largely in pubs and popular in upper class as it shows power/status
• Characteristics pre 1850: Occasional

  Lower class had lack of free time so they only played on holy/annual days
• Characteristics pre 1850: Local

  Opportunity to socialise for the local community but lack of transport
• Characteristics pre 1850: Violent

  Dangerous and animal cruelty for entertainment
• Characteristics pre 1850: Occupational

  Activities had to fit around jobs/lack of free time and lower class were put into races
• Characteristics pre 1850: Rural

  Played in natural environment
• Characteristics pre 1850: Simple unwritten rules

  Lower class were illiterate, rules would change and learnt through word of mouth
• Characteristics pre 1850: Class divide

  2 classes, lower and upper
• Characteristics pre 1850: Simple

  Lower class had basic equipment, limited skill and was accessible for the masses
• Examples of sport during pre industrial Britain (pre 1850):

  Lower class - mob football, smock racing, pedestrianism and shin kicking.

  Upper class - royal/real tennis, fox hunting and fencing.

  Both - cricket.
• SC factors post 1850: Money

  • Working class had a low regular income and broken time payments that led to professionalism
  • Middle and upper class had money and encouraged sport
• SC factors post 1850: Class

  • Working class were in factories and more respectable
  • Middle class were wealthy factory owners
  • Upper class were 'gentleman amateurs' and developed sport in public schools
• SC factors post 1850: Gender

  • Women began to campaign for their rights
  • Middle and upper class played alongside male partners
  • In all classes women still participated less
• SC factors post 1850: Law

  • Police force was established in 1829
  • Violent mob games were banned
  • Wagering restrictions
  • RSPCA banned animal cruelty and were more civilised
• SC factors post 1850: Education

  • Compulsory for all in 1880
  • Working class became spectators
  • Understood rules
  • Improved literacy
  • Upper class went to public schools preparing them for leadership
• SC factors post 1850: Time

  • Middle and upper class had more free time
  • Lower class worked the 666 devil shift, less energy to play
  • Late 19th century (1870) brought about a 1/2 day saturday and a 57 hour working week
• SC factors post 1850: Transport

  • Developments of trains and railways
  • Travel to play/spectate
  • Standardised rules and regional/international games
• Characteristics of sport in post industrial Britain (1850-1900): (9 R’s)

  Restricted - police reduced gambling.

  Regular - more free time allowed for more sport to be played.

  Regional - transport increased competition attendance further away.

  Respectable - upward mobility of class.

  PRofessional - lower class became professionals.

  URban - working class moved to the city for work.

  Rules - codified and were the same for everyone.

  Refined - working class were more respected.

  Resources - purpose built facilities and technology advancements.
• Examples of sport in post industrial Britain (1850-1900):

  Working class - association football and rugby.

  Upper class - lawn tennis.

  Both - cricket.
• Social and cultural factors that influenced 20th century Britain (1901-2000)

  • Money
  • Class
  • Gender
  • Law
  • Education
  • Time
  • Transport
• SC factors 20th century: Money

  Working class introduction to minimum wage and paid holidays, upper class had expensive membership fees and increased income for expensive sports
• SC factors 20th century: Class

  Working class were professionals and participated more, middle class were amateurs and upper class were amateurs. More social mobility and less class divide
• SC factors 20th century: Gender

  Late 20th century, more female role models, more participation, still lacks media and investment, still male dominated
• SC factors 20th century: Law

  Became fully established in sport, more policing at events, sport used to appease social unrest and corruption
• SC factors 20th century: Education

  PE compulsory for all, started with military drill then physical training then physical education, working class had high participation and a broad curriculum, middle and upper class had better sport facilities and teachers
• SC factors 20th century: Time

  Working class worked a 40 hour week from 9 to 5 giving them more energy to play and more holidays
• SC factors 20th century: Transport

  Public and private transport became available to everyone, early 20th century had trains and buses, late 20th century had cars and planes, more participation, flexible play and more competitive fixtures
• Characteristics of sport in 20th century Britain (1901-2000)(SOFSIWEST)

  • Sponsorship
  • Often
  • Further and faster
  • Spectator hooliganism and player deviance
  • Increased wages
  • Worldwide
  • Entertainment
  • Safety
  • Technology
• Examples of sport from 20th century Britain (1901-2000):

  Both - male and female FIFA World Cup, Wimbledon/grand slam tennis, the Olympic Games and the ashes cricket.
• SC factors 21st century: Money

  Increase in disposable income till 2008 recession, affordable memberships, middle and upper class still have more money
• SC factors 21st century: Class

  Less defined, more social mobility, working class dominated activities, middle and upper class ex school boys dominated sport