Aliphatic Compounds

• Alkane to Haloalkane

  UV light, Halogen. Free radical substitution
• Alkene to Alkane

  Hydrogenation. Hydrogen and nickel catalyst, 150C
• Alkene to dihaloakane

  Halogenation. Halogen, electrophilic addition
• Alkene to haloalkane

  Halogenation. Hydrogen Halide, electrophilic addition
• Alkene to alcohol

  Hydration. H2O as steam. Acid catalyst, phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid. 300C 60atm
• Alcohol to Alkene

  Dehydration. Phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid. Heat 170C.
• Haloalkane to Alcohol

  Dilute aqueous warm NaOH or KOH, reflux
• Haloalkane to Nitrile

  NaCN or KCN, ethanol, reflux
• Haloalkane to Amine

  Excess ethanolic ammonia, heat. Primary amine to form secondary amine
• Alcohol to Haloalkane

  NaX, H2SO4
• Hydroxynitrile to amine

  Reduction, H2 (g) /Ni catalyst high temperature and high pressure
• Nitrile to amine

  Reduction, H2 (g) /Ni catalyst high temperature and high pressure
• Acyl chloride to primary amine

  Ammonia
• Acyl Chloride to secondary amine

  Primary amine
• Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

  Cold H2O
• Acyl Chloride to Ester

  Alcohol
• Carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride

  SOCl2 (Thionyl chloride)
• Carboxylic acid to ester

  Alcohol, Concentrated H2SO4, heat
• Ester to Carboxylic acid

  Hot dilute aqueous acid, heat, reflux
• Ester to Carboxylate

  Hot dilute aqueous alkali, heat, reflux
• Hydroxynitrile to Carboxylic acid

  Dilute aqueous HCl, heat
• Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

  Dilute aqueous HCl, heat
• Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

  Oxidation, K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
• Primary alcohol to Carboxylic acid

  Oxidation, K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
• Secondary alcohol to Ketone

  Oxidation, K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
• Primary alcohol to Aldehyde

  Oxidation, K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, distillation
• Aldehyde to primary alcohol

  NaBH4/H2O, reduction, nucleophilic addition
• Ketone to secondary alcohol

  NaBH4/H2O, reduction, nucleophilic addition
• Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile

  aqueous NaCN/H+, reduction, nucleophilic addition
• Alcohol to Ester

  Carboxylic acid, Concentrated H2SO4 or acid anhydride with no catalyst, heat
• Ester to Alcohol

  Hot aqueous dilute acid or alkali, heat, reflux
• Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

  aqueous NaCN/H+, reduction, nucleophilic addition