PR

• IPO model (input process output). This model is largely used when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problems, subject or phenomenon under investigation. This model is used when the statement of the problem are all factor-isolating questions.
• IV-BV model (independent and dependent variables). This model is used in experiment-based studies. The questions raised are higher order and classified as situation-relating.
• -P model. Also called proposed intervention program. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure. It fits the situation producing level of questioning
• PC model. Also called predictor criterion model. This model is used when relating and assessing the influence between two or more variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations, differences, and impacts that will benefit from this model.
• POM (proposed original model). This model is used when the researcher presents an original paradigm. The requirements is that it must be scientific.
• Theoretical framework


  Formulated from an existing theory/ies that serve as the foundation of the study
• Theory


  A conceptual intervention that is used to describe, explain, predict or understand a certain phenomenon
• Theoria


  Greek word meaning "vision"
• Conceptual frameworks


  Provide an explanation of the scope and range of concept or construct and discusses cases that combine two or more theories
• Paradigm


  A diagrammatic presentation of the study that is inserted within the conceptual/theoretical framework
• Common paradigm models used in research

  • IPO model
  • IV-DV model
  • PC model
  • -P model
  • POM
• Research hypothesis


  A tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variables in a population under study
• Research hypothesis


  Translates a research question into a prediction of expected outcomes
• Research hypothesis


  • Commonly used in an experiment-type research
  • Formulated particularly before the conduct of an experimental-quantitative research
  • Considered an intelligent guess that occurs with at least 2 variables: one is independent and the other is dependent
• Assessing research hypothesis


  1. Conduct experiment

  2. If result is the same as hypothesis, then hypothesis is accepted

  3. If result is the exact opposite of hypothesis, then hypothesis is rejected
• Hypothesis


  A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that facilitates the extension of knowledge in the area
• Purpose and importance of hypotheses in research


  1. Provides a tentative explanation of phenomenon

  2. Provides the investigator with a relational statement that is directly testable

  3. Provides a direction to the research

  4. Provides a framework for reporting conclusions of the study

  5. Can be considered as the working instrument of theory
• Hypotheses can be deduced from theory and from other hypotheses
• Hypotheses can be tested and shown to be probably supported, apart from one's own values and opinions
• Characteristics of a Hypothesis 1. Testable 2. Logical 3. Directly related to the research problem 4. Represents a simple unit or subject of the problem 5. Factually or theoretically based 6. States relationships between variables 7. Sets the limits of the study 8. Stated in such a form that it can be accepted or rejected.
• Kinds of Hypothesis 1. Simple Hypothesis. It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. 2. Complex Hypothesis. It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting the relationships of two or more independent variables to two or more dependent variables.
• Directional Hypothesis


  A hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables
• Non-directional Hypothesis


  A hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
• Null Hypothesis


  A hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis, always expressed as a negative statement, subjected to testing in which the decision is either to accept or reject it, the hypothesis of "no effect," "no relationship," or "no difference" in which the researcher doubts to be true
• Significance of the study


  Identifying the beneficiaries and the benefits it will give when the problem is solved
• Beneficiaries


  • Students
  • Teachers
  • Doctors
  • Principals
  • Parents
  • Government
  • Non-governmental organizations
  • Private institutions
• Benefits to beneficiaries

  • Personal benefits
  • Multi-faceted benefits
• Significance of the study

  1. Discusses the benefits of the study to the society in general

  2. Defines who will benefit out of the findings of the study

  3. Describes how the problem will be solved

  4. Pinpoints who will benefit from such findings or results
• Beneficiaries of the study

  • Experts concerned about the problem
  • Administrators or policy-makers who make the decisions or implement programs
  • Subjects themselves
  • Future researchers
  • Those directly or indirectly affected by the problem
• Types of Syntheses 1. Explanatory synthesis. It helps the readers to understand a topic. Its primary aim is to present the facts in a reasonably objective manner. Explanations given may entail descriptions, sequence of events or state of affairs. 2. Argument synthesis. Its purpose is for you to present your won point of view with the support of relevant facts drawn from services and presented in a logical manner. What is presented may be debatable. 
• Data collection


  The procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques
• Researcher


  Can evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data
• Data collection is the primary and most important step for research, irrespective of the field of research
• The approach of data collection is different for different fields of study, depending on the required information
• Most Frequently Used Data Collection Techniques

  • Documentary Analysis
  • Interview
• Documentary Analysis


  • Used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available mostly in churches, schools, public or private offices, hospitals, or in community, municipal, and city halls
  • At times, data are not available or are difficult to locate in these places and the information gathered tend to be incomplete or not definite and conclusive
• Interview


  • The instrument used in this method is the interview schedule
  • The skill of the interviewer determines if the interviewee is able to express his/her thoughts clearly
  • Usually, an interview is conducted with single person, but there are also times when it is conducted with a group of people (around five to ten) whose opinions and experiences are elicited simultaneously (focus group interview)
  • Life histories are also needed in this area, which are narratives or self-disclosures about an individual's life experiences
  • The interview must guide the respondents in narrating their accounts