Yoost

• xiphoid process


  upper border of the abdomen
• striae


  stretch marks resulting from pregnancy or from weight loss or gain
• keloid formation


  a raised scar after an injury has healed
• symphysis pubis


  lower border of the abdomen
• peristalsis


  progressive wave action causing movements of contents through the gastrointestinal system
• distention


  symmetric swelling of the abdomen
• Neurogenic bladder can occur at any age, but it is especially common among older patients with chronic disease conditions.
• Bladder paralysis is seen in quadriplegic people and some paraplegics.
• Bruising


  may be a sign of accidental injury, bleeding disorders, injection sites, or physical abuse
• paralytic ileus


  paralysis due to lack of peristalsis
• Borborygmi


  hyperactive bowel sounds, heard as loud "grumbling"
• Bruits


  "swooshing" sounds heard over the major arteries caused by stenosis
• Stenosis

  narrowing of the vessels
• Ascites


  an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
• Gastrointestinal system


  a series of muscular organs extending from the mouth to the anus
• Stomach


  begins at the cardiac sphincter of the esophagus and extends into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter
• Esophagus


  a collapsible tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
• Small intestine


  a hollow cylindrical organ, approximately 6 m (18-21 ft) in length
• Large intestine


  shorter in length, 1.5 m (5.5 ft) but wider in diameter than the small intestine [ileocecal valve - anus]
• regurgitation - backflow (of chyme)
• Hemorrhoids


  are swollen and inflamed veins in the anus or lower rectum
• Clostridioides difficile

  a bacterium that causes diarrhea
• Urea


  produced when protein-rich foods are digested
• Creatinine


  a by-product of muscle metabolism
• renal tubule is a long tube that connects the renal corpuscle to the renal pelvis
• glomerulus


  a network of blood capillaries
• renal corpuscle


  made up of glomerulus
• Urine formation is a result of three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
• Filtration


  initially occurs in the glomerulus as fluid moves across a membrane as the result of a pressure difference
• Reabsorption


  occurs in the renal tubule as most of the filtrate moves back into the blood
• Secretion


  urine is produced
• urgency


  the innervation of the bladder signals when it is time to urinate and empty the bladder
• micturition - act of urinating