Biology

• Define health

  a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
• What is a communicable disease?

  any disease that can be spread directly from one person to another
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  when a disease cannot be spread from animal to animal or person to person
• What is a pathogen?


  a disease-causing organism
• Give 4 types of pathogens

  viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
• What does cholera cause?

  diarrhoea
• What type of pathogen causes cholera?

  bacteria
• What does tuberculosis cause?

  lung damage
• What type of pathogen causes tuberculosis?

  bacteria
• What does chalara ash dieback cause?

  leaf loss and bark lesions
• What type of pathogen causes chalara ash dieback?

  fungi
• What does malaria cause?

  damage to blood and liver
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  protists
• What does HIV do?

  destroys white blood cells, leading to the onset of AIDS
• What type of pathogen causes HIV?

  virus
• How is cholera spread?

  water
• How is tuberculosis spread?

  airborne
• How is chalara ash dieback spread?

  airborne
• How is malaria spread?

  animal vectors
• What does STI stand for?

  sexually transmitted infections
• Give 2 examples of STIs

  chlamydia and HIV
• What type of pathogen causes chlamydia?

  bacteria
• Give 3 examples of the physical barriers of the human body that provide protection from pathogens

  mucus, cilia and skin
• Give 2 examples of the chemical defences of the human body that provide protection from pathogens

  lysozymes and hydrochloric acid
• What do antigens trigger?

  an immune response which causes the production of antibodies, also production of memory lymphocytes
• What is an antigen?

  a protein on the surface of a pathogen that allows white blood cells to recognise the pathogen
• What is an antibody?

  a protein produced by lymphocytes which attaches to a specific pathogen to help to destroy or neutralise it
• What is a memory lymphocyte?

  a lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after infection or vaccination
• What is a lymphocyte?

  a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies
• What type of infections can antibiotics be used to treat?

  bacterial infections
• State the 4 stages of developing new medicines

  discovery, development, preclinical and clinical testing
• Which lifestyle factor has an effect on obesity and malnutrition?

  exercise and diet
• What is the BMI equation?

  BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m) ^2)
• Which lifestyle factor has an effect on liver diseases?

  alcohol
• Which lifestyle factor has an effect on cardiovascular diseases?

  smoking
• List 3 different treatments for cardiovascular disease

  life-long medication, surgical procedures, lifestyle changes
• Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection?

  Darwin
• What is the evidence for human evolution? (2 things)

  fossils and stone tools
• Name the fossil from 4.4 million years ago

  Ardi
• How many years ago did Ardi live?

  4.4 million years