UNIT 3 FLASHCARDS [LECTURE]

• How many major areas of the brain are there?

  5
• What are the areas of the brain?

  Cerebrum, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
• Diencephalon is made up of

  Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
• The brain stem is made up of

  Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
• The central sulcus separates which lobes?

  Frontal lobe from parietal lobe

  Front half from the back half
• Posteriorly from the central sulcus is what cortex?

  Primary somatic sensory cortex
• Anteriorly from the central sulcus is what cortex?

  Primary motor cortex
• The lateral fissure/ sylvian separates what parts of the brain?

  The frontal and parietal lobe superiorly from the temporal lobe
• The longitudinal fissure separates what parts of the brain?

  The right and left hemispheres
• What is the importance of the basal ganglia?

  Important for the accomplishment of movements that's may take some time to initiate or stop and for internal guiding (rather than external) of movement
• What type of structure is the basal ganglia?

  They are deep gray matter structures embedded in white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
• How many lobes does the thalamus have?

  Three lobes- right left rear
• What are the right and left lobes of the thalamus further divided into?

  Dorsal nuclei and ventral nuclei along with three separate divisions within each
• What is the rear lobe of the thalamus known as?

  Pulvinar which has two geniculate bodies attached, medial and lateral
• What is located in anterior to the gland?

  Anterior nuclear group
• What are the four basic functional roles of the thalamus?

  Sensory, motor, emotion/memory, vegetative
• Sensory function of the thalamus


  All sensory information (except olfaction) is relayed to cortex via the thalamus
• Motor function of the the thalamus

  Motor system outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum are relayed by the thalamus
• Emotion/memory function of the thalamus

  The thalamus is part of the Papez circuit and helps control some emotional and memory information going to limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus)
• Vegetative function of the thalamus

  Thalamus has some intrinsic nuclei associated with alertness and arousal. Can be associated with disorders of consciousness.
• Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

  produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). These are transported to the posterior pituitary gland (through axons) where they are stored and released from axon terminal
• Oxytocin in neurosecretory cells


  Affects uterine contractions in pregnancy and birth and subsequent release of breast milk
• Vasopressin (ADH) in neurosecretory cells


  Controls the blood fluid and mineral levels in the body by affecting water retention by the kidneys. This hormone is also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP)
• What neuroendocrine cells release hormones?

  CRH, TRH, GnRH, GnIH, Prolactin-releasing peptide, Prolactin-inhibiting factor, Somatocrinin, Somatostatin
• Wha does the mammillary body do?


  Activate feeding reflexes such as swallowing and licking the lips and may be involved in relaying olfactory messages
• What connects to the mammillary body

  The hypothalamus
• What is connected to the brain stem?

  Thalamus
• Why is the midbrain important?


  It is the portion of the brain stem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain.
• What are the functions of the midbrain?


  Controlling responses to sight, eye movements, pupil dilation, body movement, and hearing
• The tectum of the midbrain is?


  A roof like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct. Exhibits four bulges, the corpora quadrigemina. Upper pair, the superior colliculi, function in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and some reflexes. Lower pair, the inferior colliculi, receives signals from the inner ear.
• The midbrain is located between


  Diencephalon and pons
• Corpora Qaudrigemina


  "Body of 4 twins", located on the posterior surface of the midbrain

  Superior colliculi- visual reflexes

  Inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
• Cerebral Peduncles


  Located on the ventral surface of the midbrain

  Main motor pathway from cerebrum to lower CNS
• Where is the pons located?

  Lies between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
• What is the function of the pons?

  It controls sleep as well as the rate and pattern of breathing
• What are the channels in the brain called?

  Ventricles
• What type of fluid is contained in the ventricles of the brain?

  Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
• How many ventricles are there?

  4 (2 lateral, 3rd, 4th)
• What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

  Communication between hemispheres
• The ventricles are channels which create a structure known as the ___ of the ___

  Ventricular structure, Central Nervous System