AQA GCSE History Medicine Through Time Key Facts

• What are the four humours?


  Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile
• Who first suggested clinical observation?

  Hippocrates
• Who used herbs to make 'medicines'?

  Apothecaries
• What word described bad air?

  Miasma
• What is Flagellation?


  A treatment- Whipping themselves to show God they were sorry
• What did Hippocraties suggest that is still taken today?

  Hippocratic Oath
• Who developed the Theory of Opposites?

  Galen
• Who controlled belief about Medicine in Medieval times?

  The Catholic Church
• Who would perform surgery in Medieval times?

  Barber-Surgeon
• What policy did Catholic Hospitals have in Medieval times?

  Care not Cure
• Who ran most hospitals in the Medieval Era?

  Monks & Nuns
• Which hospital focused on looking after people that were 'mad'?

  Bedlam
• List three beliefs about disease in the Medieval Era?

  God, Miasma, Planets, 4 Humours
• Who translated Galen & Hippocrates' works into Islamic?

  Al-Razi
• Who wrote the 'Canon of Medicine'?

  Ibn Sina
• What time did developments from the Islamic World reach Europe?

  The Crusades
• What were the three problems with Surgery in the Medieval Era?

  Bleeding, Pain, Infection
• How did surgeons learn how to do the job in Medieval times?

  Apprenticeships
• Which Medieval surgeon learnt on the Battlefields and wrote 'The Practice of Surgery'?

  John Arderne
• What was used as an anaesthetic in the Medieval Era?

  Alcohol/Opium/Hemlock
• Where did Medieval people throw their waste?

  Rivers/Cesspits
• Which town banned dumping rubbish in 1421, in an attempt to clean up the streets?

  Coventry
• What year did the Black Death Epidemic reach Britain?

  1348
• What percentage of the population did the Black Death kill?

  30-50%
• What were the symptoms of the Black Death?

  Buboes/Bruises/Vomiting
• Who wrote 'On the Fabric of the Human Body'?

  Andreas Vesalius
• What was invented in 1440, allowing new ideas to spread rapidly?

  The Printing Press
• What does 'Renaissance' mean?

  Re-birth. A time of new ideas and challenging orthodoxy
• Who developed ligatures?


  Ambroise Pare
• Who proved that blood pumped through arteries and veins?

  William Harvey
• Did Renaissance individuals have more impact over the short or long term?

  Long term
• What was a Quack?

  Sold their own, usually ineffective medicine
• Who discovered that scurvy could be cured by eating fresh fruit and vegetables?

  James Lind
• What was the Scientific Method?


  Looking at a problem, hypothesis, evidence, conclusions
• What year was the Great Plague?

  1665
• What did Plague doctors wear to protect themselves from the Great Plague?

  Beaks of sweet smelling herbs/Amulets
• What were the Lord Mayor's Orders, 1665?


  Measures to prevent spread of Plague: Killing cats & dogs/ 6 foot graves/ watchmen over infected house
• Which Renaissance surgeon is known as the 'father of scientific surgery?'

  John Hunter
• Which nurse saw death rates go from 42% to 2% under her watch?

  Florence Nightingale
• Who developed innoculation and brought it to Britain?

  Lady Mary Montagu