4th prelims

• Abstract – a clear summary that shows the important contents of the study. It is usually found in the beginning pf the article
• Data – Facts, statistics, figures or evidences collected during the study.
• Variables Properties or characteristics of people , things or situations that change or vary. There are two kinds of variables are:
• Independent Variable – The variable that is changed and controlled in an experiment to test the effects on the dependent variables.
• Dependent Variable – The variable that is being tested.
• Proposition - The statement that expresses relationship between concepts
• Conceptual Framework – An interrelated concepts put together by relevance
• Assumption – Basic principle that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn.
• Target PopulationThe set of individuals or object with common characteristics selected for a research study.
• Sampling –The process of selecting sample from the target populationto represent the entire population.
• Analysis –Method of sorting, organizing and interpreting data to answer research question and to draw inferences.
• Paradigm This is a set of assumptions and perceptual orientations shared by members of the research community. This also includes the research method employed in the research.
• Bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work.
• Citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research.
• Data is the factual information [as measurements or statistics] used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
• Interview is a conversation for gathering information.
• Questionnaire is a structured set of questions on specified subjects that are used to gather information, attitudes, or opinions.
• SMART is a good way to remember the fundamentals of research paper writing, and to help prepare an author in writing a successful research paper.
• Specific A research paper should be specific. It should maintain its focus on the given subject of research – answering a specific research question – and not be inconsistent or aimless as to convey information or make claims on other, unrelated topics or subjects.
• Measurable A research paper must contain specific, proven research, and cites all research sources and related literature.
• Attainable A research paper must provide a thesis statement, one that answers the research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject. It can’t propose to answer a question that doesn’t relate to real life or isn’t based on an existing body of knowledge
• Realistic A research paper is objective and realistic. Should it be made to present interpretations, arguments, or evaluations, then it should do so based on valid evidence from reliable sources.
• Time A research paper cannot be written without the researcher knowing the limits,timeframes, and focus of the required work. Without the writer / researcher stating the scope and limitations of the research paper, it is likely that the thesis statement will be hampered by an inability to answer the given research question or focus on the given research subject.