Microbio ex4

• Consortium


  A host that has more than one associated symbiont
• Cooperation relationship is not necessary for the survival of both organisms in a mutualistic relationship
• Parasitism


  Lies between commensalism and predation, where one organism is harmed but not killed while the other gains
• Ammensalism


  Antibiosis is an example of this type of relationship
• Possible outcomes of competition


  • One organism dominates
  • Two organisms share the resource
• The revised ratio of bacterial cells to human cells is 1:1
• The human microbiota is established at birth
• The inability of organisms in a mutualistic relationship to grow without the other is an example of _.

  • Coevolution
• The organism that benefits in a commensalism relationship is called a _.

  • Commensal
• What is the term for a bacterium that is capable of causing disease in circumstances such as a compromised host or a host with lowered resistance to infection?

  • Opportunistic Pathogens
• For each statement below, indicate if it is true for the INNATE or ADAPTIVE immune system

  • Components already exist and are always present in the body. = Innate
  • Active against a broad range of pathogens. = Innate
  • Response is more rapid and better following repeat exposure to a pathogen. = Adaptive
• What molecule, commonly found in mucous, can sequester iron?

  • Lactoferrin
• These molecules typically function by inserting into membranes.

  • Antimicrobial Peptides
• What are the two major functions of the complement system?

  • Directly killing bacteria by pores
  • Opsonizing bacteria
• What type of molecule is recognized by Toll-like receptors?

  • pAMPs
• What is the typical response of a NK cell when it encounters a host cell without MHC class I on the surface?

  • Releases granzymes and kills the cell
• What type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

  • B cells
• How many global pandemics of influenza have there been?

  • 31 possible pandemics
• How many segments of RNA are there in the influenza genome

  • 8 segments
• SNPs in the influenza genome lead to a type of variation known as Antigenic Drift.
• Zika virus in pregnant women can cause a birth defect known as Microcephaly.
• What receptor does the HIV virus bind to?

  • CD4 receptor
• The HIV P24, P17, P9, and P7 proteins are all generated from processing of which viral protein?

  • GAG
• A virus that could potentially be used as a bioweapon is classified as a “Select Agent”.
• What animal is thought to be the natural reservoir of Ebola virus?

  • Bats
• During the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak, which country in West Africa had the most deaths from Ebola?

  • Liberia
• How many norovirus infections are there worldwide every year?

  • about 23 million cases
• Are Mycobacteria Gram positive or Gram negative?

  • Gram-positive
• In a Gram stain do Mycobacteria stain as Gram positive or Gram negative?

  • Stain as Gram-negative
• What type of staining procedure is used to identify mycobacteria?

  • Ziehl-Neelson Stain or Acid Fast Stain
• How many people are infected with TB worldwide?

  • about 1/3 population or 2 billion
• A rash that resembles a “bulls eye” is a characteristic of infection with what bacterial species?

  • Borrelia burgdorferi
• What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague if left untreated?

  • 100% mortality rate
• What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted bacteria in the US?

  • Chlamydia
• During which stage of a syphilis infection can you see the appearance of an infectious skin rash?

  • The secondary stage
• What percentage of Neisseria gonorrhea infections are asymptomatic?

  • Up to 60% of infections
• What percentage of AIDS patients have a Cryptococcus infection

  • 15%
• Which species of Plasmodium is the most dangerous?

  • P. falciparum
• After a cell has undergone cell division via meiosis, are the resulting daughter cells haploid or diploid?

  • Haploid
• The infective form of plasmodium, that is transferred to a human by a biting mosquito, is called a Sporozoites.