marrine

• The ship James Cook commanded

  
  

  
  

  HMS Endeavour

• HMS Beagle


  The ship Darwin was the naturalist on during his famous voyage
• The Wilkes Expedition (U.S. Exploring Expedition) contributed to expanding the geographic and scientific knowledge of the Pacific region and played a crucial role in establishing the Smithsonian Institution
• The Challenger Expedition laid the foundation of modern oceanography, having made groundbreaking discoveries regarding ocean depths, marine life, and ocean temperatures
• Top marine laboratories in the U.S.

  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California
  • Marine Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts
• SONAR


  Sound Navigation and Ranging
• SCUBA


  Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
• Scientific method


  1. Observation

  2. Hypothesis formulation

  3. Experimentation

  4. Conclusion
• Hypothesis


  Proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
• Experiment


  A procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact
• You can't prove a hypothesis because scientific testing can only reject hypotheses or support them with evidence, not prove them definitively
• Experimental group


  The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or the variable being tested
• Control group


  A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a baseline to compare results against
• Variable


  Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and can influence the outcomes of an experiment
• Theory


  A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
• The Pacific ocean is the largest and deepest ocean
• 71% of the earth's surface is ocean
• The southern hemisphere is more dominated by ocean
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust: The outermost solid shell of the planet, which is brittle and thin compared to other layers
  • Mantle: Below the crust, composed of silicate rocks that are denser than crustal materials; it is semi-solid and can flow slowly
  • Outer Core: A liquid layer composed of iron and nickel that lies below the mantle
  • Inner Core: The deepest layer, a solid sphere made primarily of iron and nickel
• Oceanic crust


  Denser and usually younger than continental crust
• Continental drift

  The movement of continents over geological time
• Pangaea


  A supercontinent that existed around 335 million years ago
• Plate tectonics


  Explains the movement of Earth's plates; new crust is made at mid-ocean ridges, plates come together at convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries are where plates slide past each other
• Seafloor spreading


  The creation of new seafloor as plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges
• Subduction zones


  Where an oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate
• Faults


  Cracks in Earth's crust where movement occurs
• Shear boundaries


  Where plates slide past each other
• The Atlantic ocean is getting bigger, while the Pacific is getting smaller
• Evidence for plate tectonic theory includes fossil patterns, rock formations, and the fit of continental coastlines
• Lithosphere


  The rigid outer layer of the Earth
• Asthenosphere


  The softer layer beneath the lithosphere that allows tectonic plates to move
• The earth doesn't get bigger because new crust creation is balanced by crust being recycled at subduction zones
• Lithogenous sediments


  Derived from rock debris
• Biogenous sediments


  Originate from biological material
• Continental margins


  The regions of the ocean floor that are adjacent to the continents, consisting of the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise
• Continental shelf


  • Shallow, wide, and covers about 8% of the ocean
• Continental slope


  • Steeper than the shelf, marking the boundary between continental and deeper oceanic crust
• Continental rise


  An underwater feature found between the continental slope and the abyssal plain, where sediments accumulate
• Types of continental margins

  • Passive margins (found at places like the U.S. East Coast), feature little volcanic or seismic activity
  • Active margins (like the U.S. West Coast), are tectonically active with trenches and volcanoes
• Deep-sea floor


  • Rugged and features submarine channels (underwater riverbeds), abyssal hills (small elevations), seamounts (underwater mountains), and guyots (flat-topped seamounts)