Trema

• Schistosoma

  Blood flukes
• Terminal spine


  Inhibits blood vessel
• Lateral spine

  Inhibits large intestine
• Diagnosis is by biopsy, snail, ova in feces, rectal, lateral minute, biopsy, knob, copt test, elisa
• Schistosoma mekongi

  Major or predominant species
• Paragonimus westermani

  Oriental lung flukes
• Fasciola hepatica

  Liver fluke
• Fasciola gigantica

  Liver fluke
• Clonorchis sinensis

  Tropical liver fluke, Chinese liver fluke
• Fasciolopsis buski

  Giant intestinal fluke
• Echinostoma ilocanum

  Garrison's intestinal fluke
• Echinostoma ilocanum eggs are straw colored, ovoid, similar to chestnut and bamboo
• Echinostoma ilocanum is found in northern Luzon, Leyte, Samar, Mindanao
• Artyfechinostomum malayum

  Eggs are larger, golden brown, operculated
• Artyfechinostomum malayum intermediate hosts are Lymnaea cumingiana or Ampullarius canaliculatus
• Fasciolopsis buski IS:

  • Metacercaria
• Echinostoma Ilocanum IS?

  Metacercaria
• Heterophyid flukes IS?

  Metacercaria
• Fasciola spp IS?

  Metacercaria
• Clonorchis sinensis IS?

  Metacercaria
• Schistosoma spp IS?

  Cercaria
• Trematode that start with embryonated egg?

  • Clonorchis sinensis
  • Opistorchis felineus
  • Opitorchis viverrni
  • Heterophyid spp
• `Trematode that start with unembryonated egg?

  • Fasciolopsis buski
  • Echinostoma
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Fasciola gigantica
  • Paragonimus westermani
• P. westermani 1st Intermediate host

  • Antemelania asperata (old name: Brotia asperata)
  • Antemelania dactylus
• P. westermani 2nd Intermediate Host

  • Sundathelphusa philippina
• P. westermani Definitive host

  • man,
  • wolf,
  • fox,
  • tiger,
  • leopard,
  • cat,
  • dog,
  • monkey
• Ingestion as MOT of Flukes:

  • Fasciola spp
  • Fasciolopsis buski
  • P. Westermani
  • Clonorcis sinensis
  • E. ilocanum
  • Artyfechinostomum malayum
• Shistosoma spp MOT?

  Skin penetrartion
• Flukes Treatment (except for Fasciola spp)

  • Praziquantel
• fasciola spp treatment:

  • Triclabendazole
  • Bithionol
• Fasciolopsis buski 1st IH

  • Segmentia
  • Hippeutis
• Fasciolopsis buski 2nd IH:

  Aquatic Vegetation

  • Trapa bicornis (water caltrop)
  • Eliocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)
  • Ipomea obscura (water morning glory)
  • Nymphaea lotus
• Echinostoma ilocanum first IH:

  • Gyraulus convexiusculus
  • Hippeutis umbilicalis
• E. Ilocanum 2nd IH:

  • Kuhol (Pila luzonica)
  • Susong pampang ( Vivipara angularis)
• Artyfechynostomum malayanum 2nd IH

  • Lymnea cumingiana
  • Ampullarius canaliculatus
• Heterophyid flukes 2nd IH:

  • BALANAK – Mugil spp.
  • TILAPIA – Tilapia spp.
  • KANDULI – Arius manilensis
• Heterophyid flukes: Heterophyes heterophyes (Von Siebold’s)

  Metagonimus yokogawai (Yokogawa’s fluke)

  Haplorchis taichui

  Haplorchis yokogawai
• Paragoniumus westermani

  
• Schistosoma japonicum cercaria

  
• Schistosoma japonicum ova