taxonomy

• Classification


  Grouping of objects or information based on similarities
• Taxonomy


  Science of classification or grouping things
• Aristotle (350 B.C.)


  • Developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification
  • Everything grouped as plant or animal
• Carolus Linnaeus (1753)


  • Inventor of Binomial nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature


  Gave each species two names (scientific name) - Genus, and Species
• Rules in binomial nomenclature

  • Language: Latin
  • Letter cases: Genus name (capitalized first letter), species name (lowercase)
  • Formatting: Both names MUST be underlined or italicized
• Scientific names


  • Canis Lupus (wolf)
  • Homo Sapiens (human)
• Why scientific name is needed

  Many organisms have common names (it can be misleading)
• The eight taxonomic categories

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Systematics


  Focuses on analyzing the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationship
• Phylogenetics


  Science that focuses on evolutionary history for a group of species
• Cladistics


  Common method used by taxonomists to create an evolutionary tree
• Molecular phylogenetics


  Studies the relationship of organism based on their DNA
• 1. kingdom system (1969)

  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• 1. domain system (1980s)


  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukarya
• Phylogeny


  Family tree for the evolutionary history of a species
• Cladogram


  Branching diagram to show evolutionary history of species
• Dichotomous key


  Way of identifying organisms by looking at physical characteristics
• Prokaryotes


  • Microscopic
  • Prokaryotic (lacks nucleus)
  • Can be autotrophs (photo or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophs
  • Unicellular
• Six kingdoms of organisms

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Archaebacteria


  • Live in extreme environments like swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents (oxygen-free vents)
  • Cell walls are NOT made of peptidoglycan
  • Examples: Methanogens, Halophiles
• Eubacteria


  • Live in most habitats
  • Cell walls are made of peptidoglycan
  • Examples: E. Coli, Streptococcus, cyanobacteria
• Protista


  • Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
  • Some cell walls of cellulose, some have chloroplasts
  • Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs (some can be fungus-like)
  • Most are unicellular; some are multicellular or colonial
  • Examples: amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, euglena, kelp
  • Lacks complex organ systems
  • Lives in moist environments
• Fungi


  • Eukaryotes
  • Cell walls of chitin
  • Heterotrophs
  • Most multicellular; some unicellular
  • Examples: mushrooms, yeast
  • Absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment
  • Stationary
• Plantae

  • Eukaryotes
  • Cell walls of cellulose
  • Autotrophs
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic (contains chloroplasts)
  • Examples: mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants
  • Cannot move immobile
  • Tissues and organ systems
• Animalia


  • Eukaryotes
  • Do not have cell wall or chloroplasts
  • Heterotrophs
  • Multicellular
  • Examples: sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals (nurse young)
  • Mobile
• Classification of plants

  • Non-flowering plants
  • Flowering plants
• Mosses (Bryophyta)


  • Simplest plants
  • NO true roots, NO vascular tissues (no transport)
  • Have simple stems and leaves
  • Have rhizoids for anchorage
  • Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
  • Found in damp terrestrial land
• Fern (Pteridophyta)


  • A leaf finely divided into small parts
  • Have roots, feathery leaves, and underground stems
  • Has vascular tissues for transport and support
  • Has spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves for reproduction
  • Found in damp and shady places
• Gymnosperms


  • Tall evergreen trees
  • Has roots, woody stems
  • Has needle-shaped leaves (e.g. pine trees)
  • Has vascular tissues for transports
  • Cones with reproductive structures
  • Naked seeds in female cones
  • Found in dry places
• Two types of angiosperms

  • Monocotyledons
  • Dicotyledons
• Monocotyledons


  • Have one seed-leaf; leaves have parallel veins
  • Herbaceous plants
  • Examples: grass, maize (corn)
• Dicotyledons


  • Have two seed-leaves; leaves have veins in network
  • Examples: trees, sunflower, rose
• Characteristics of an animal

  • Eukaryote
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotroph
• Major groups of animals

  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
• Classification of animals

  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nematoda
  • Annelida
  • Molluska
  • Echinodermata
  • Arthropoda
  • Chordata
• Porifers


  • Have pores
  • Have skeleton of silicon or calcium containing spicules
  • Have body cavity
  • Have osculum—large opening at the top of the sponge body
  • Examples: Tube sponge, Basket sponge, Yellow tube sponge, Cloud sponges, Glass sponge, Vase sponge, Basket sponges
• Cnidarians


  • Are hollow-bodied animals
  • Have nematocysts, specialized stinging cells
  • Have tentacles
  • Examples: Portuguese man of war, Jellyfish, Hydra, Corals, Lizard island coral
• Flatworms


  • Are long ribbon-shaped worms
  • Are free living while others are parasitic
  • Live in freshwater or sea water
  • Examples: Flukes, tapeworm, planaria
• Nematodes


  • Are long, slender, smooth-bodied worms
  • Have mouth and anus
  • Live in soil and some are parasitic
  • Examples: Pinworms, ascaris, hookworm