Mixed Topic Practice

• Sperm cell enzymes


  Enzymes carried in the head of the sperm that are specifically designed to help the sperm break through the membrane of the egg cell during fertilization
• Enormous surface area of alveoli


  Alveoli have a huge surface area, which allows for a large amount of gas exchange to occur. This is because alveoli are tiny air sacs that are clustered together in large numbers within the lungs.
• Moist lining of alveoli

  The lining of the alveoli is moist, which allows for the dissolving of gases. This is important because gases need to be in a dissolved state in order to be transported in the blood.
• Thin walls of alveoli

  The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin, which allows for easy diffusion of gases. This is because the thin walls reduce the distance that gases need to travel in order to be exchanged.
• Good blood supply of alveoli


  Alveoli have a rich blood supply, which allows for the efficient transport of gases to and from the body's tissues. This is important because it ensures that the body's cells receive the oxygen they need to function properly.
• Stomata size

  Tiny pores found on the surface of leaves that allow for the exchange of gases between the plant and the environment. The size of these stomata can have a significant impact on a plant's ability to regulate its water and carbon dioxide levels.
• Chlorophyll


  Pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that is responsible for absorbing light during photosynthesis. It plays a crucial role in the process of converting light energy into chemical energy, which is used to produce glucose and oxygen.
• Flattened shape


  The broad, flat structure of a leaf that allows it to have a larger surface area for photosynthesis
• Smooth surface


  The absence of roughness or texture on the surface of a leaf, which can help reduce water loss through evaporation
• Water loss


  The evaporation of water from a leaf, which can be reduced through various factors such as a smooth surface, the presence of a waxy cuticle, the presence of stomata, and the structure of the leaf
• Waxy cuticle


  A waxy layer on the surface of a leaf that can help prevent water loss by creating a barrier against evaporation
• Smooth surface


  The absence of roughness or texture on the surface of a leaf, which can help reduce water loss by providing fewer irregularities for water molecules to cling to
• Stomata


  Small openings on the surface of a leaf that allow for the exchange of gases and can be closed to prevent water loss when the plant does not need to photosynthesize
• Leaf structure


  The structure of a leaf, such as the thick, fleshy leaves of cacti, which can help reduce water loss by storing water
• Bone marrow


  Spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body that produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Contains two types of stem cells: hematopoietic and mesenchymal.
• Tissue


  A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function in the body. There are four main types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
• Cell bursts


  A specific type of cell damage caused by bacterial or viral toxins weakening and rupturing the cell membrane, leading to the release of cell contents.
• Enzymes


  Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body
• Structural components


  Proteins that provide structure and support to cells and tissues
• Hormones


  Proteins that act as chemical messengers and help regulate various processes in the body
• Immunity


  Proteins that play a role in the immune system, such as antibodies and complement proteins
• Signaling


  Proteins that help transmit signals within and between cells
• Movement


  Proteins that allow cells and organisms to move
• Regulation


  Proteins that help regulate various processes in the body
• Transport and storage


  Proteins that help transport and store nutrients in the body
• Clinical trials


  Studies that test new drugs or treatments on healthy volunteers and patients to determine their safety and efficacy. Consist of three phases: Phase 1 (testing on healthy volunteers), Phase 2 (testing on patients with the disease), and Phase 3 (testing on a larger group of patients to confirm effectiveness and monitor side effects).
• Stomata

  Tiny pores found on the surface of leaves that allow for the exchange of gases between the plant and the environment. They play a crucial role in photosynthesis and can impact a plant's water and carbon dioxide regulation.
• Hairs


  Small, hair-like structures found on various parts of a plant that serve a variety of functions, such as protecting the plant from herbivores, reducing water loss, and aiding in pollination. They are not involved in gas exchange.
• Sperm cells

  Male reproductive cells that fertilize an egg to form a zygote
• Nerve cells (neurons)

  Cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system, allowing for communication between different parts of the body
• Muscle cells

  Cells that contract and relax to allow for movement and force production in the body
• Root hair cells

  Specialized cells found in the roots of plants that increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption
• Phloem and xylem cells

  Specialized cells found in plants that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant
• Simple sugars

  A type of carbohydrate that consist of just one or two sugar molecules. They are quickly absorbed by the body and provide a rapid source of energy. Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, and sucrose.
• Simple fats

  A type of lipid that consist of a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol molecule. They are a major source of energy for the body and are also important for maintaining the health of cell membranes. Examples include triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides.
• Monosaccharides

  Simple sugars that consist of a single sugar molecule. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Disaccharides

  Simple sugars that consist of two sugar molecules. Examples include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (found in milk), and maltose (found in grains).
• Saturated fatty acids

  Simple fats that have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. They are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products and some plant oils.
• Unsaturated fatty acids


  Simple fats that have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. They are typically liquid at room temperature and are found in plant oils.
• Salivary glands

  Amylase is found in the salivary glands, which are located in your mouth and produce saliva.