ch. 21-23

• What were some elements of liberalism in the 19th century?

  It promoted representative government and individual freedoms, such as women's rights and the abolition of slavery.
• Who was the British monarch through most of the 19th century?

  Queen Victoria
• Which British Prime Minister that influenced Britain's colonial expansion and the rise of the Conservative Party during the Victorian Era?


  Benjamin Disraeli
• What did the British Reform Act of 1832 do?


  Expanded voting rights to the middle class and reorganized voting districts.
• Who were the activists who advocated for voting and political rights in Victorian Britain?

  Chartists
• Which political party was formed in 1906 to promote the interests of British workers?

  Labour Party
• Which territory was annexed by Great Britain in the Act of Union of 1801?

  Ireland
• What factors fueled Irish animosity against British rule?

  The Irish who were predominantly Catholics, resented being ruled by the British, who were largely Protestants. The British government disbanded the Irish Parliament and their industry hurt the local Irish economy.
• What was the impact of the Great Famine in Ireland?

  It led to a 25% decrease in the population. One million people starved to death and two million more fled Ireland.

  It wiped out half of the population and millions migrated from Ireland.
• Why did the British grant self-government to its dominions?

  To prevent another uprising like the American Revolution.
• Which countries did the United Stated gained land from in the 19th century?

  Spain, France, Great Britain, Mexico and Russia.
• How much did the United States expand its territory in the 19th century?

  It expanded four times its original size.
• What is sectionalism?


  Rivalry between regions and their people.
• What right did the 15th and 19th Amendments of the US Constitution grant?

  To compete against the industries of northern states.
• Why did Europeans initially attempt to trade with the Confederacy?

  Voting rights
• What factors led to the Spanish colonies to seek independence?

  King Charles III of Spain began to re-impose peninsular rule and Spain's

  political problems spread into the colonies.

  Opponents of colonial rule were inspired by the spread of ideals of the Enlightenment and news of the American and French Revolutions.
• What was significant about Haiti's independence?

  It was the only successful slave revolt in human history.
• How did Haiti initially achieve some economic success?

  It was the world's largest producer of sugar in the world at the time.
• Libertador who founded Gran Colombia.


  Simón Bolivar
• Libertador who led the liberations of Argentina and Peru.


  José de San Martín
• Libertador who led the liberation of Chile.

  Bernardo O'Higgins
• How was Brazil's progress different from nearby Spanish-speaking countries?

  They achieved economic and political stability.
• Emperor who oversaw the modernization and industrialization of Brazil.

  Pedro II
• What did the Monroe Doctrine establish? Why did it go unchallenged?

  The United States prohibited European nations from attempting to re- establish colonies in Latin America. European nations did not challenge it because they were dealing with internal political troubles at the time.
• Who were the caudillos?

  Military strongmen with political influence.
• What was the July Monarchy?

  The reign of King Louis Philippe I.
• What impact did the Revolutions of 1848 have outside of France?

  They inspired uprisings across Europe.
• What was the cause and outcome of the June Days Uprising?

  The conservatives were elected to the Second French Republic and solidified their power after rioters protested their closing of national workshops.
• What problems did the government of the Third French Republic encounter?

  Rise of anarchism and public distrust in the government. Political parties broke off into smaller parties, making it difficult to hold a majority.
• What was the Risorgimento?


  The nationalist movement for the unification and independence of Italy.
• Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?


  Italian nationalist who led the military campaigns to unify Italy.
• Which kingdom had an active role in the unification of Italy?

  Sardinia
• Which kingdom had an active role in the unification of Germany?

  Prussia
• Who were the Junkers?

  The aristocrats of Prussia and later the German Empire.
• What was the Zollverein?

  Prussian-led economic union of German states the excluded Austria.
• Who was Otto von Bismarck?

  Chief Minister of Prussia and first chancellor of the German Empire.
• What was the Dual Monarchy?

  The political union of Austria and Hungary.
• What was the Balkan League?

  What was the Balkan League?The alliance of Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania) against

  the Ottoman Empire.
• Why did Russia's involvement in the Balkans raise concern in Europe?

  They feared Russia was seeking access to the Mediterranean Sea.
• What became the main goal of Wilhelm II as German Emperor?

  The develop a dominant navy.