Lec 2

• What percentage of body water loss can kill an animal

  12%
• Importance of water 


  It's a good solvent so it aids in transportation of nutrients

  Synovial fluid acting as a lubricant
• Sources of water

  Drinking water

  Water in feed

  Metabolic water :from carbs is 60% ,protein 42% fat 100%
• How much water does dairy cattle require

  40-110 L/per day
• Beef cattle require how much water?

  40-70 L/per day
• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)


  • Pentoses
  • Hexoses
• Pentoses

  • Arabinose
  • Xylose
  • Ribose
• Hexoses


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Mannose
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Glucose-fructose
  • Glucose-glucose
  • Glucose-galactose
  • Cellobiose
• Pectin, polysaccharide, araban
• Corn cobs, wood, polysaccharides
• Nucleic acids
• Disaccharides, polysaccharides
• Disaccharides (Sucrose)
• Disaccharide (lactose)
• Polysaccharides


  • Sugar cane
  • Sugar beet
  • Starchy plants & roots
  • Milk
  • Fibrous portion of plants
• What is a simple lipid

  Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols eg fat oils wax
• Compound lipids

  Are Esters of fatty acids containing non lipid substances such as Phosphorus carbohydrates and proteins in addition to an alcohol and fatty acid. Phospholipds glycolipds and lipoprotein
• Sterols are what 


  Sterols are lipids with complex phenanthrene type ring eg. Ergosterol ,cholesterol
• Essential fatty acids 


  Linoleic acid , linoleic acid ,arachidonic
• Sources of essential fatty acids (EFA)

  Vegetable oil, seafood, algae
• Deficiency of EFA causes what

  Poor growth

  Loss of hair

  Dermatitis

  Necrotic lesions

  Reproductive failure

  Immune dysfunction
• Sources of protein

  Oil seed meals , eg peanut meal ,soybean meal

  Animal protein- fish meal , meat meal

  Pluses and leguminous seeds

  Bran
• Classification of amino acids based on chemical structure

  • Aliphatic amino acids
  • Monoamino-monocarboxylic acids (neutral)
  • Monoamino-dicarboxylic acids (acidic)
  • Diamino-monocarboxylic acids (basic)
  • Sulphur-containing amino acids
  • Aromatic amino acids
  • Heterocyclic amino acids
• Monoamino-monocarboxylic acids (neutral)


  glycine, alanine, serine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine
• Monoamino-dicarboxylic acids (acidic)

  aspartic acid, glutamic acid
• Diamino-monocarboxylic acids (basic)


  arginine, lysine, citrulline
• Sulphur-containing amino acids

  Cystine, cysteine, methionine
• Aromatic amino acids

  phenylalanine, tyrosine
• Heterocyclic amino acids


  histidine, proline, hydroxyproline, tryptophan
• Dietary essential amino acids

  • Arginine
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine
• Chicks require glycine in addition
• Poultry


  • Has a limited capacity to synthesize proline