CHAPTER 2

• Health


  A successful defense of the host against forces landing to disturb body equilibrium
• Disease


  A failure of the body defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb body equilibrium
• Aspects of Health of an Individual

  • Physical Health
  • Mental Health
  • Social Health
• Physical Health


  A condition which enables a person to maintain a strong and healthy body
• Mental Health


  How a person thinks of himself, controls his emotions and adjusts to the environment
• Social Health


  Ways a person feels, thinks and acts towards everybody around him
• Sample of mental and social health negativity

  • From FB, retrieved Apr 26, 2022
• Determinants of Health (Factors affecting Health)

  • Income and social status
  • Education
  • Physical environment
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Social support networks
  • Culture
  • Genetics
  • Personal behavior and coping skills
  • Health services
  • Gender
• Income and social status

  Higher income and social status are linked to better health
• Education

  Low education levels are linked to poor health, more stress and lower self confidence
• Physical environment

  Safe water and clean air, healthy workplace, safe houses, communities and roads contribute to good health
• Employment and working conditions


  People in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions
• Social support networks

  Greater support from families, friends and communities - better health
• Culture

  Customs, traditions and the beliefs of the family and community
• Genetics

  Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illness
• Personal behavior and coping skills


  Balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking and how to deal with life's stresses and challenges
• Health services


  Access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influence health
• Gender


  Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages
• Indicators of Health

  • Mortality Indicators
  • Morbidity Indicators
  • Disability Indicators
  • Nutritional Status Indicators
  • Health care Delivery Indicators
  • Utilization rates
  • Indicators of social and mental health
  • Environmental indicators
  • Socio Economic Indicator
  • Health policy indicators
  • Indicators of Quality of Life
• Mortality Indicators

  Crude Death rate, Life expectancy, Infant Mortality rate, Child Mortality Rate, Under Five Mortality rate, Maternal Mortality ratio, disease specific mortality, proportional Mortality Rate
• Morbidity Indicators

  Incidence and prevalence rate, disease notification rate, Admission, Readmission and Discharge Rate, Duration of stay in hospital and/or absence from work or school
• Incidence


  Occurrence or frequency
• Disability Indicators

  Sullivan's index, HALE, DALY
• Sullivan's index


  Expectation of life free from disability
• HALE (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy)


  Equivalent number of years in full health that a new born can be expected to live based on the current rates of ill health and mortality
• DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)


  Years of life lost to premature death and years lived with disability adjusted for the severity of disability
• Nutritional Status Indicators

  Anthropometric measurement of preschool children, prevalence of low birth weight
• Health care Delivery Indicators

  Doctor-population ratio, Bed-nurse ratio, population-bed ratio, population per health facility
• Utilization rates

  Immunization coverage, ANC coverage, % of Hospital Delivery, Contraceptive prevalence rate, Bed Occupancy rate, average length of stay in hospital and bed turnover rate
• Antenatal care (ANC) coverage

  An indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy
• Indicators of social and mental health

  Rates of suicides, homicides, violence, crimes, drug abuse, smoking and alcohol consumption
• Homicide


  The deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder
• Environmental indicators

  Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation facility, level of air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution
• Socio Economic Indicator


  Rate of population increase, Dependency ratio, Level of unemployment, literacy rate, family size
• Health policy indicators

  Proportion of GNP (Gross National Product) spent on health services, proportion of GNP spent on health related activities including safe water supply, sanitation, housing, nutrition, etc. and proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care
• Indicators of Quality of Life

  Literacy rate, Life expectancy at age one
• Primary Health Care (PHC)


  Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford at every stage of development
• Elements/Components of PHC

  • Environmental Sanitation
  • Control of CD
  • Immunization
  • Health Educ
  • MCH and Family Planning
  • Adequate Food and Proper Nutrition
  • Provision of Medical Care and Emergency Treatment
  • Treatment of Locally Endemic Diseases
  • Provision of Essential drugs
• Health Care Referral/Delivery System


  The totality of all policies, facilities, equipment, products, human resources and services which address the health needs, problems and concerns of the people. It is large, complex, multi-level and multi-disciplinary.
• Levels of Health Care Referral System

  • Primary Level of Care
  • Secondary Level of Care
  • Tertiary Level of Care