Fractures

• 3 types of specific fractures according to its location

  1. proximal
  2. midshaft
  3. distal
• Avulsion -a pulling away of a fragments of bone by a ligament or tendon & its attachment
• Comminuted. a bone has been splintered into several fragments
• Compound. Bone has been compressed
• Depressed. fragments are driven inward
• epiphyseal. A fracture through the epihysis
• Greenstick. One side of a bone is broken
• Transverse. Fracture that is straight
• Oblique. Occurring at the angle across the bone
• Spiral. A fracture twisting around the shaft
• Pathologic. Occurs through an area of diseased bone
• Scoliosis. Spine curves to the left or the right
• Lordosis. Lower back curves inwards
• Kyphosis. Upper back curves forward
• Complete fracture. Involves a break across the entire cross section of a bone & is frequently displaced
• Incomplete fracture. E.g greenstick fracture. The break occurs through only part of the bone
• Closed/simple fracture. Does not produce a break in the skin
• Open fracture. Compound or complex fracture is one in the w/c the skin pr mucous membrane
• Sprain. Commonly result from a wrenching or twisting motion that disrupts the stabilizing action of ligaments
• Strain. Typically result from excessively vigorous movement in under stretched or overstretched muscles and tendons
• Dislocation. Is a displacement of a bone from its normal articulation with a joint
• Fracture. is a break in the continuity of bone and is defined according to type and extent
• Early complications

  shock. Hypovolemic or traumatic shock from hemorrhage
• Early complications

  Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES). fat emboli enter circulation following orthopedic trauma. More common in closed fractures
• Subluxation. Joint disruption which some of the articulations remains. Partial dislocation
• Intra-articular fracture. Extends to the joint surfaces
• Early Complications

  acute compartment syndrome (ACS). Increased perfusion Pressure with an anatomic compartment
• Late complications

  delayed union. Occurs when healing does not occur in the expected timeframe
• Nonunion. Incomplete healing of fracture
• Malunion. Healing of a fractured bone is malaligned (deformed)
• Early complications

  • Shock
  • Fat Embolism Syndrome
  • Acute Compartment Syndrome
• Late complications

  • delayed union
  • nonunion
  • malunion
  • Avascular Necrosis of the bone (AVN)
• Avascular necrosis of the bone (AVN). Is a condition where the blood supply to the bone is cut off
• Septic Arthritis. Infection of the joints
• Septic Arthritis causative microorganisms

  1. staphylococcus aureus
  2. gonococcal infection
  3. pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Symptoms of septic arthritis include pain, swelling, redness, warmth, fever, chills, loss of motion, and stiffness.
• Osteomyelitis. An inflammation or infection of the bones caused by bacteria or fungi.
• Osteomyelitis causative microorganisms

  1. gram- positive bacteria
  2. gram positive
  3. staphylococcus aureus
• Osteomyelitis signs and symptoms. chills, high fever, Rapid pulse, general malaise
• Osteoporosis. A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.