Lesson 5

• History of Instrumental Music

  Usually dated back from the Middle Ages
• Music texture in the Middle Ages

  • Monophonic
  • Polyphonic
• Sacred vocal music in the Middle Ages

  • Gregorian chants set to Latin text and sung unaccompanied
  • Church choirs added one or more melodic lines to the Gregorian chants
• Music texture in the Renaissance


  • Polyphonic
  • Homophonic
• Music in the Baroque period


  • Polyphonic
  • Homophonic
  • Addition of instruments
  • Development of musical techniques like basso continuo
• Music texture in the Classical period


  • Mostly homophonic but flexible
• Music in the Romantic period


  • Some forms used during the Classical period were continued but made more subjective
• 20th-century composers used and/or were influenced by composers and music forms of the past, but they created their own unique sound
• The music of the 20th century differs from the music of the past
• Characteristics of Medieval Music (1150-1400)

  • Secular music with notated manuscripts showing connections with the church
  • Organum indicated the beginnings of harmony
  • Gregorian Chant and Plainsong which are monodic or written as one musical line
  • Gregorian chants, a monophonic vocal line sung by monks, as well as choral music for a group of singers
• Characteristics of Renaissance Music (1400-1600)


  • Enhanced freedom in music showed harmony and polyphony
  • Composers still devoted to choral writing
• Noted composers of Renaissance Music

  • Dunstable, Ockegehm, Despres and Dufay (15th century)
  • Dowland, Byrd, Gibbons, and Tallis (16th century)
• Characteristics of Baroque Music (1600-1750)


  • Choral music no longer dominated the era
  • The idea of the modern orchestra was born
  • Violin, viola, cello, and harpsichord were invented
  • Important advances in all musical groups
• Composers of Baroque Music

  • Bach, Monteverde, Corelli, Schutz, Purcell, Lully, Bach, Handel, Telemann, Couperin, Scarlatti and Vivaldi
• Rococo is the transitional period between baroque and classical music
• Characteristics of Classical Music (1750-1830)


  • Sonata form: development of modern concerto, symphony trio and quartet
  • Obsession with structural clarity
• Composers of Classical Music

  • Friedman, Christian, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert
• Characteristics of Early Romantic Music (1830-1860)


  • Golden age of Virtuoso: balance of expressive and formal music
• Leading Composers of Early Romantic Music

  • Berloiz, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt and Verdi
• Characteristics of Late Romantic Music (1860-1920)


  • Composition in terms of emotional content and dramatic continuity
  • Highlighted by the operatic supremacy of Verdi and Wagner
• Composers of the Romantic Period

  • Ludwig van Beethoven
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  • Franz Josef Hayden
  • Frederic Chopin
• Music Forms and Styles in the 20th century

  • 12-tone System
  • Concert Music
  • Electronic Music
  • Impressionistic
  • Jazz
  • Minimalism
  • New Romanticism
  • Neoclassical
  • Serialism
• 12-tone System


  A technique developed by Arnold Schoenberg where all the 12 notes of the octave are of equal importance and placed in a specific order called a "tone-row" or "tone-series"
• Composers who used the 12-tone System

  • Arnold Schoenberg
  • Anton von Webern
• Concert Music


  Music that combined jazz elements with classical and blues
• Composers of Concert Music

  • George Gershwin (Rhapsody in Blue)
  • Aaron Copland (Rodeo)
  • Dmitry Shostakovich (The Golden Age)
• Electronic Music


  Music where composers experimented with technology and how it affects aspects of music like melody and rhythm
• Impressionistic Music


  Music that is pleasing to the ears, relaxed and almost dreamlike, created by composers like Debussy who rejected the rules of tonality
• Jazz


  Music that is particularly remarkable for its improvisation, harmonic progressions, and modified rhythms
• Minimalism


  Music that is simple and contains patterns that are repeated and reinforced by a steady beat
• New Romanticism


  Music that is expressive, haunting, and mysterious, much like the music of the past
• Composers of New Romantic Music

  • George Crumb (Ancient Voices of Children)
  • Gyorgy Ligeti (Lux Aeterna)
• Neoclassical Music


  Music that reflects the 18th-century music, as seen in the works of Stravinsky which did not emphasize tonality but felt restrained
• Composers of Neoclassical Music


  • Stravinsky
• Serialism


  Music based on Schoenberg's 12-tone system, which used a strict musical formula that was difficult to appreciate for the general public
• The Philippine Arts pertain to Filipino artworks that have developed in country from the beginning of its civilization up to the present era
• PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART (before 1521)

  
  

  The pre-colonial era or also known as Pre-Spanish era is the period of Philippine Art before the coming of Spaniards. Early evidence of ancient tools and other artifacts are found in the different islands of Philippines like Batangas, Cagayan, Central Luzon, Davao, and Palawan. Items discovered were described to be the crudest from the stone tools (flake tools).
• Receptacles


  Containers fashioned to enclose and protect the bodies of their dead relatives
• Receptacles were made from fibers and tree barks constructed into mats or they can also be made of leaves, wood, and bamboo
• Receptacles can also function as repositories of food and other possessions which will accompany the dead on their journey to the other world