Taxonomy

• Grouping of objects or information based on

  similarities

  Classification
• Science of classification or grouping things

  Taxonomy
• Developed the first widely accepted system of

  biological classification.

  Aristotle
• In what period does everything grouped as plant or animal.

  350 BC
• Inventor of Binomial nomenclature

  Carolus Linnaeus
• Gave each species two names (scientific name) (Genus and Species)

  BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• Language used in scientific names

  Latin
• Rules in binomial nomenclature: Genus first letter is always?

  Capitalized
• Rules in binomial nomenclature: Species first name is always?

  Lowercase
• Rules in binomial nomenclature: (format) both names should be?

  Italicized or underline
• Cannis lupus


  wolf
• Homo sapien


  human
• The eight taxonomic categories
• Panthera Leo


  Lion
• Focuses on analyzing the diversity of organisms

  in the context of their natural relationship.

  Systematics
• Science that focuses on evolutionary history for

  a group of species.

  Phylogenetics
• Common method used by taxonomists to create

  an evolutionary tree.

  Cladistics
• Studies the relationship of organism based on

  their DNA.

  Molecular Phylogenetics
• 1969: 5 Modern Kingdoms

  1. Monera
  2. Protista
  3. Fungi
  4. Plantae
  5. Animalia
• 1980: 3 domain system
• Kingdoms defined based on two main

  characteristics:

  Possession of true nucleus and how it gets food
• have all distinct differences

  Bacteria
• All eukaryotic kingdoms grouped into

  one domain.

  Eukarya
• Monera kingdom splits into 2:
• Groups of organisms


  Taxa/Taxons
• Family tree for the evolutionary history of a

  species.

  Phylogeny
• ____of the tree represents the ancestral lineage


  Root
• represent descendants of

  the ancestor

  Tip of the branches
• shows forward motion through

  time


  Movement upwards
• split in the lineage

  • Shown as a branching of the tree

  Speciation
• System of classification based on phylogeny

  • Derived characteristics/traits; appear in recent

  parts of a lineage but not in older members

  Cladistics
• Branching diagram to show evolutionary history of

  species

  • Help scientists understand how one lineage

  branched from another in the course of evolution

  Cladogram
• Way of identifying organisms by looking at

  physical characteristics

  • Uses a series of questions to group into a

  hierarchy classification

  Dichotomous Key
• • Microscopic (lacks nucleus)
  • Can be autotrophs (photo or chemosynthetic) or

  heterotrophs

  • Unicellular

  Prokaryotes
• THE EIGHT TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

  o Domain (largest, most general group)

  o Kingdom

  o Phylum

  o Class

  o Order

  o Family

  o Genus

  o Species (smallest, most specific group)
• (Prokaryotic) live in

  extreme environments like swamps, deep-ocean

  hydrothermal vents (oxygen-free vents).

  • Cell walls are NOT made of peptidoglycan
  • Ex: Methanogens, Halophiles


  Archaeabacteria
• Prokaryotic) live in most

  habitats.

  § Cell walls are made of peptidoglycan

  § EX: E. Coli, Streptococcus, cyanobacteria

  Eubacteria
• § Eukaryotic (has nucleus)

  § Some cell walls of cellulose, some have

  chloroplasts

  § Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs (some can

  be fungus-like)

  § Most are unicellular; some are multicellular or

  colonial

  § Ex: amoeba, paramecium, slime molds,

  euglena, kelp

  § Lacks complex organ systems

  § Lives in moist environments

  Protista
• § Eukaryotes

  § Cell walls of chitin

  § Heterotrophs

  § Most multicellular; some unicellular

  § EX: mushrooms, yeast

  § Absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the

  environment

  § Stationary

  Fungi
• § Eukaryotes

  § Cell walls of cellulose

  § Autotrophs

  § Multicellular

  § Photosynthetic (contains chloroplasts)

  § EX: mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants

  § Cannot move

  § Tissues and organ systems

  Plantae