PHARMFR6

• Antiemetics prevent nausea and vomiting
• Emetics stimulate vomiting
• Acid Neutralizers: Antacids


  Neutralize or reduce the acidity ofstomach and duodenal contents by combiningwith HCl and increasing the pH of the stomachacid (helps treat peptic ulcer disease)
• Acid Neutralizers: Antacids

  May interfere with the activity of other oral drugs,no oral drug should be administered within 5 to10 minutes of an antacid
• Acid-Reducing Agents

  reduces thesecretion of gastric acid
• Histamine H2 antagonist

  Inhibit the action of histamine at H2 receptor cells of the stomach
• omeprazole


  Suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibition of the hydrogen-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme system of the gastric parietal cells.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors

  • H. pylori (treated with proton pump inhibitors andtwo anti-infectives)
  • metronidazole
• Pepsin inhibitor

  binds with protein molecules to

  form a viscous substance which buffers acid and

  protects the mucosal lining (e.g., sucralfate)
• misoprostol = Prostaglandin E analog)
• Gastrointestinal Stimulants


  increases the motility of the

  upper GI tract without increasing the

  production of secretions; result in faster

  emptying of gastric contents into small

  intestine
• metoclopramide

  (prokinetic/dopamine antagonist
• Antiemetics

  target and

  inhibit serotonin receptors in both

  the CTZ and peripherally acting at

  the nerve endings in the stomach
• Antiemetics

  Being tested for use in irritable bowel syndrome
• difenoxin and diphenoxylate

  Action: decrease intestinal peristalsis, which often is increased when

  the client has diarrhea
• difenoxin and diphenoxylate

  Notify physician if diarrhea unresolved after 48 hours
• loperamide

  Action: Act directly on the muscle wall of the bowel to slow motility
• loperamide

  Use: to treat chronic diarrhea associated with IBD
• Laxatives

  • Stool softeners (docusatesodium
  • stimulant laxatives (bisacodyl)
• Bulk-producing laxatives

  adds bulk and water to the

  contents of the intestines. stimulates peristalsis and

  encourages evacuation of the stool
• Stool softeners

  docusate

  sodium promote water retention

  in the fecal mass and soften the

  stool
• Laxatives

  increase peristalsis by direct action on the intestine
• Excessive or prolonged use of laxatives should be avoideddue to potential for physical dependence on them fornormal bowel movements
• Give bulk-producing or stool-softening laxatives with full glassof water or juice; bulk-producing laxatives are followed by anadditional glass of water
• anti-infectives used to treat UTIs have a rapid excretion rate

  and have a high concentration in the urine; interfere with bacterial

  multiplication in the urine
• Nitrofurantoin

  bacteriostatic (slows the multiplication of

  bacteria) and bactericidal (destroys bacteria) depending on the

  concentration of the drug in the urine
• Phenazopyridine

  topical analgesic effect on lining of urinary

  tract
• Urinary Anti-Infectives—Adverse Reactions #1

  • Diarrhea
  • Stomatitis
• Encourage client to drink at least 2000 mL of fluid

  daily to dilute urine and decrease pain on voiding
• If signs of pulmonary reaction occur, withhold dose

  and contact the provider
• Inform the client that phenazopyridine must be taken

  after meals and may cause a reddish-orange

  discoloration of urine and tears; may stain clothing or contact lenses
• Topical antibiotics (example: bacitracin ointment
• macrolide

  erythromycin
• Topical Antifungals


  Slow or retard the multiplication of fungi
• Prostaglandin Agonists


  act to lower IOPby increasing the outflow ofaqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork
• Sulfonamides (silver sulfadiazine)
• Antiviral Drugs


  disables the protein part of the virus
• only instill solutions labeled "ophthalmic" in the eye
• apply ophthalmic drops into the middle of the lower conjunctival sac; not directly on eyeball
• apply ophthalmic ointment to the eyelids or drop into the lower conjunctival sac