ucsp

• 20XX—20XX MR. ALEX ANTENERO TEACHER UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS
• 20XX—20XX CHAPTER 5 HOW THE SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
• Contents


  • Primary Group
  • Secondary Group
  • Intermediate
  • In Groups & Out Groups
  • Reference Group
  • Network
  • Function of social network
  • Kinship
  • Marriage
  • 10. Marriage rules &Cross Culturally
  • 11.Monogamy
  • 12. Polygamy
  • 13. Post-Marital Residency
  • 14. Kinship by ritual
  • 15.Family & Household
  • 16. Politic & Kinship
  • 17. Political and leadership
  • 18. Political Organization
  • 19. Types of Authority
  • 20. Political Legitimacy
• Primary Group


  A group held together by intimate, face-to-face relationships, formed by family and environmental associations and regarded as basic to social life and culture
• The primary group is the nucleus of all social organizations. It is a small group in which a small number of persons come into direct contact with one another. They meet "face to face" for mutual help, companionship and discussion of common questions. They live in the presence and thought of one another.
• Charles H. Cooley: 'By primary groups I mean those characterised by intimate ace-to-face association and co-operation. They are primary, in several senses, but chiefly in that they are fundamental in framing the social nature and ideals of the individual.'
• The distinction between primary and secondary groups based on 'we' feeling is not valid as all groups tend to possess the 'we' feeling in the members to some degree.
• The most important spheres of the intimate association and co-operation are the family, the play group of children, and the neighbourhood or community group of elders.
• The unity of the primary group is not one of mere harmony, it is always a differentiated and usually a competitive unity, admitting of self-assertion and various appropriative passions; but these passions are socialized by sympathy, and come, or tend to come, under the discipline of the common spirit.
• Characteristics of a Primary Group

  • Physical Proximity
  • Small Size
  • Stability
  • Similarity of background
  • Limited Self-interest
  • Intensity of Shared Interests
• Secondary Groups


  Groups that are just opposite of primary groups, with relatively narrow, utilitarian, task-oriented, time-limited focus of its activities
• Formal organisations and larger instrumental associations such as trade associations, labour unions, corporations, political parties, international cartel, a club and many others are a few examples of secondary groups.
• In the secondary group not total personality but a segmental (partial) personality of a person is involved. These groups are wholly lacking in intimacy of association as we generally find in primary groups.
• Functions of Secondary Groups

  • To help in fulfilling various kinds of increasing human needs
  • To help in removing conservatism and superstition through education and rational thinking
  • To help in satisfying various special interests such as sports, dance, music, touring etc
  • To help in bringing social awareness and social change
• Characteristics of Secondary Groups

  • Spatial distance between members
  • Short duration
  • Large number
  • Lack of intimacy among members
  • Formal relationships and partial involvement of personality
  • Casualness of contact
  • Impersonal and based on status
  • Specific aims or interest of formation
  • Deliberately and consciously formed
  • Feeling of individualism among members
  • Voluntary membership
• Classification of Secondary Groups

  • Status groups—social classes, castes
  • Nationality groups—nations, states
  • Attention, interest and purpose groups—religious bodies, publics, institutional groups, trade unions and corporations etc
  • Residence groups—communities, cities and regional groups
  • Culturally organised groups
• Groups not basically Organised by Culture

  • Biological groups—age, sexes and racial groups
  • Casual groups—crowd, assemblages, audiences, mobs etc
• Although primary groups are vital to the health of both individual and society, secondary groups are also important because they tend to meet specific goals. They help societies function effectively and permit people who do not know one another intimately to perform move effectively in their jobs.
• Most formal organisations, such as colleges, schools, hospitals, corporations, professional associations and trade unions, are comprised of many secondary groups.
• The impersonality and formality of the secondary group allows members to focus on skills and specialised interests rather than on personalities.
• Intermediate societies are legitimate and useful. The state must respect them. Membership in the natural societies that are intermediate between the individual and the state, and the constitution of free associations for the pursuit of legitimate purposes are both natural rights.
• In-group


  A social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member
• Out-group


  A social group with which an individual does not identify
• Associated phenomena with in-groups and out-groups

  • In-group favoritism
  • Out-group derogation
  • Social influence
  • Group polarization
• Reference Group


  Individuals or groups that influence our opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors
• Types of Reference Groups

  • Normative reference group
  • Comparative reference group
• Functions of Reference Groups

  • They serve a normative function by setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief
  • They serve not only as sources of current evaluation but also as sources of aspiration and goal attainment (as a means of antici patory socialisation)
  • They also perform a comparison function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and others
• Social Network


  Webs of social ties among individuals and groups; they play a crucial role in employment opportunities for individuals
• Normative reference group


  Sets and enforces standards of conduct and belief
• Comparative reference group


  Serves as a standard against which people can measure themselves and others
• The concept of reference group is important for understanding socialisation, conformity, and how people perceive and evaluate themselves, especially in relation to the self
• Functions of reference groups

  • Normative function
  • Comparison function
  • Aspiration and goal attainment function
• Social network


  Webs of social ties among individuals and groups
• Social networks play a crucial role in employment opportunities for individuals
• Strong social ties


  Exist between close friends and family members
• Weak social ties


  Ties between acquaintances or friends of friends
• The Internet has impacted the way people develop and engage with social networks
• Social media platforms allow people to connect with close friends and family, as well as with people who share similar political and social views
• Weak social ties can play a prominent role in society, as seen in the impact of groups that formed in the United States after the 2016 presidential election
• Social networking service


  Online platform which people use to build social networks or social relationships with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections